Published on 07/02/2015 by admin
Filed under Anesthesiology
Last modified 07/02/2015
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Roy A. Greengrass, MD
Traditionally, perioperative pain has been treated with systemic opioids as the only analgesic drug (monomodal therapy); unfortunately, this approach often resulted in inadequate analgesia because the dose of opioids necessary to completely attenuate the pain was associated with unacceptable side effects. Poorly treated pain has significant physiologic and psychological consequences that adversely affect patient satisfaction and convalescence and is associated with increased costs. To address this problem, the concept of multimodal analgesia, which incorporates the use of different analgesic agents acting, often times synergistically, at specific sites along nociceptive pathways to decrease or eliminate the need for administration of systemic opioids, has developed. It is generally agreed that it is better to prevent, rather than treat, pain; thus, these multimodal strategies should be initiated prior to surgery. Medications should be administered at scheduled times rather than on an as-needed basis. Agents utilized for multimodal analgesia include nonselective and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, steroids, local anesthetic agents (e.g., for regional anesthesia), α2-receptor agonists, ketamine, opioids, and α2δ ligands.
Surgical injury causes activation of COX-2 receptors, which enhance prostaglandin production, resulting in hyperalgesia at the site of injury (primary hyperalgesia). Central release of prostaglandins results in secondary hyperalgesia. The use of NSAIDs, thus, presents an opportunity to block these components of the nociceptive pathway. NSAIDs are considered to be the drugs of choice for mild to moderate postoperative pain. NSAIDs have a ceiling effect for analgesia but not for side effects.
Nonselective NSAIDs may result in gastrointestinal erosions, particularly in the elderly. COX-2 NSAIDS decrease, but do not eliminate, gastrointestinal erosion. All NSAIDs decrease renal blood flow and may result in sodium retention and edema. Nonselective NSAIDs also impair platelet function and have been associated with increased blood loss in some surgical procedures.
Fausts Anesthesiology Review Expert Consult 4e
