CHAPTER 4 Respiratory support
Respiratory distress
The most common cause is hyaline membrane disease (HMD), also known as infant respiratory distress syndrome. The most important cause is infection (see pages 107–12).
The general principles of management include:
• give just enough oxygen and no more (reasonable oxygen saturation targets are shown in the table on page 39)
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
The benefits of CPAP include: a reduction in the need for intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV); decreased rate and severity of apnoea; increased chance of successful extubation; and decreased respiratory acidosis and oxygen requirements post-extubation.
Nasal intermittent positivepressure ventilation (NIPPV)
Surfactant
• Intra-tracheal surfactant is usually given to intubated infants with HMD — the earlier the better.
• Give surfactant by 2 hours if fraction of inspired oxygen FiO2 > 0.3. Repeat at 6 hours if FiO2 > 0.25.
• For babies <1250 g, give surfactant immediately if FiO2 > 0.3 or PIP > 18 cmH2O (before lines and X-ray).
• It is reasonable to give immediately to all babies <30 weeks gestational age who are intubated at birth.
Surfactant administration
General
• With any of the methods below it will be necessary to recover or maintain chest movement with each mechanical ventilation breath by increasing the PIP.
Assisted ventilation
2. Acidosis, either:
• To get O2 in all you need is a supply of inspired O2 and:
• To get CO2 out all you need is to wash CO2 out of the peripheral lung units so that the concentration is below that in the pulmonary capillaries — i.e. ventilation or movement of gas in and out of the lung units.