Pre-hospital care
Introduction
Pre-hospital care is defined as care and treatment provided at the scene of an accident or acute and sudden illness in an ambulance, emergency vehicle or helicopter (Advanced Life Support Group 2011a, Ahl & Nystrom 2012). Historically, nurses have played an important role in the shaping of pre-hospital emergency care in the UK. The contribution of the hospital flying squad and the cardiac ambulance and the nurses working on them should not be underestimated. Not only did these teams provide a service that filled a therapeutic vacuum in patient care, but they were also instrumental in the development and evolution of these services. The work of both the flying squad and the cardiac ambulance significantly influenced the development of ambulance service and ultimately the birth of the paramedic.
Major incidents
It is neither essential nor desirable for all acute hospitals to be able to provide a mobile team in the event of a major incident. The responsibilities for ensuring mobile teams are available rests with the relevant regional or national health commissioning body. They may nominate those hospitals who will be responsible for deploying a Medical Emergency Response Incident Team (MERIT) to the scene of the incident, if requested to do so (DoH Emergency Preparedness Division 2005). In areas where active immediate care or British Association for Immediate Care (BASICS) schemes are operating, the relevant health board may nominate them to provide the on scene response rather than the acute hospitals. It is, however, essential that the emergency department staff are familiar with the local arrangements in their area.
Those hospitals that are identified as being able to provide a MERIT must ensure staff identified to deploy, the staff must understand the role they are to fulfil in the event of an incident, have the necessary competencies to fulfil that role and have received training to fulfil those competencies (DoH Emergency Preparedness Division 2005, 2007, Bland 2011).
Use and function of mobile teams
• supporting complex decision making – balancing the risks and benefits associated with at-scene clinical interventions
• supporting complex transport decisions – balancing the risks and benefits associated with pre-hospital triage, mode of transport and level of clinical escort
• provision of alternative forms of analgesic drugs and techniques
• provision of pre-hospital procedural sedation
• provision of pre-hospital emergency anaesthesia
• supporting the clinical use of critical care drugs and infusions, such as anaesthesia, vasoactive drugs and blood products
• use of complex monitoring and near patient investigation techniques, such as invasive haemodynamic monitoring and ultrasound.
In addition to the clinical skills required to provide added value to patient care, it is essential that team members have the skills that allow them to operate safely in the pre-hospital environment. They must be both safe and competent to work in environments that are inherently dangerous and where clinical conditions are suboptimal, such as poor lighting, confined spaces, and inclement weather. Additional specialist skills may also be necessary when working at incidents that involve potential hazardous materials.