Published on 19/03/2015 by admin
Filed under Dermatology
Last modified 22/04/2025
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Andrew J.G. McDonagh
Evidence Levels: A Double-blind study B Clinical trial ≥ 20 subjects C Clinical trial < 20 subjects D Series ≥ 5 subjects E Anecdotal case reports
Folliculitis decalvans is a rare progressive purulent folliculitis of the scalp resulting in follicular atrophy and subsequent scarring alopecia. ‘Tufted folliculitis’ is a characteristic of the disorder in evolution, with multiple hair tufts emerging from inflamed and crusted follicular orifices.
The etiology is unknown. Impaired immune responses, Staphylococcus aureus infection, nevoid lesions, and seborrheic states have been suggested as playing a role in its pathogenesis, though much controversy surrounds the role of each factor. Gram-positive organisms are usually present during active disease phases.
Folliculitis ‘decalvans’ may affect any hair-bearing region, i.e., scalp, face, axillae, pubes, and inner thighs. Scalp disease affects both sexes. In other sites it is confined to adult males. It occurs predominantly in men from adolescence onwards, and in women between the third and sixth decades.
Treatment of this chronic and progressive disease is notoriously difficult. Underlying diseases such as immunodeficiency or fungal infection should be sought. Staphylococcus aureus or other Gram-positive organisms are present in follicular pustules and sometimes also in the anterior nares. Bacteriology swabs should be taken for culture and to determine sensitivity.
Topical and systemic antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment. Systemic antibiotics such as tetracycline, minocycline, flucloxacillin, and third-generation cephalosporins may inhibit the extension of disease, but only for as long as they are administered. Rifampin has been proposed as the most beneficial therapeutic option in recalcitrant cases, but should not be used as monotherapy because of the rapid emergence of resistance. A regimen of systemic rifampin 300 mg twice daily and clindamycin 300 mg twice daily for 10 weeks has produced marked improvement, with infrequent relapse after one or more treatment courses. Prolonged courses of dapsone can also be beneficial.
Systemic corticosteroids suppress the inflammatory response and may provide moderate temporary improvement. There have been anecdotal reports of success using oral zinc sulfate (in combination with fusidic acid). Treatments that destroy hair follicles and prevent hair regrowth may be considered; these include X-ray epilation, laser epilation, cryosurgery, and surgical excision. Improvement has also been reported with shaving the scalp. Keratolytics and tar shampoos may reduce the scaling and erythema that herald extension of the disease. There is a single published report of response to anti-TNF therapy with infliximab.
Swabs for bacteriology of follicular pustules and carrier sites
Fungal microscopy and culture
Scalp biopsy
Immunodeficiency screen
Sullivan JR, Kossard S. Australas J Dermatol 1999; 40: 61–72.
An individual with HIV developed severe folliculitis decalvans after commencing triple antiviral therapy.
Shitara A, Igareshi R, Morohashi M. Jpn J Dermatol 1974; 28: 133.
Severe folliculitis decalvans in two siblings who also had chronic oral candidiasis; defective cell-mediated immunity was demonstrated.
Amnessi G. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138: 799–805.
Purulent material from dilated follicules was sampled in 10 patients. S. aureus was isolated in all cases.
Tangjaturonrusamee C, Piraccini BM, Vincenzi C, Starace M, Tosti A. Mycoses 2011; 54: 87–8.
A case of tinea capitis due to Microsporum canis presenting similar clinical appearances to folliculitis decalvans.
Harries MJ, Sinclair RD, MacDonald-Hull S, Whiting DA, Griffiths CE, Paus R. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 1–22.
An extensive review and summary of reported treatments for disorders including folliculitis decalvans.
Powell JJ, Dawber RPR, Gatter K. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 328–33.
Eighteen patients with folliculitis decalvans treated with a combination of oral rifampin 300 mg twice daily and clindamycin 300 mg twice daily for 10 weeks. Ten of the 18 patients responded well, with no evidence of recurrence two to 22 months after one course of treatment, and 15 of the 18 responded after two to three courses.
Annessi G. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138: 799–805.
A useful review of the strengths and limitations of topical and oral antibiotics for folliculitis decalvans.
Brozena SJ, Cohen LE, Fenske NA. Cutis 1988; 42: 512–15.
A recalcitrant case of folliculitis decalvans with excellent response to rifampin 600 mg daily for 10 weeks.
Abeck D, Korting HC, Braun-Falco O. Acta Derm Venereol 1992; 72: 143–5.
Three patients with folliculitis decalvans, followed-up for more than a year, responded to a combination of oral and topical fusidic acid and oral zinc sulfate. Each patient received a 3-week oral course of fusidic acid 500 mg three times a day and a 6-month course of zinc sulfate 200 mg twice a day, after which the dose was reduced to 200 mg daily. Treatment with fusidic acid and zinc sulfate was started simultaneously. In addition, 1.5% fusidic acid cream was applied for the first 2 weeks.
Paquet P, Pierard GE. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2004; 131: 195–7.
Two cases treated with dapsone 75–100 mg daily, with clearance of pustular folliculitis after 1 to 2 months. Moderate relapse occurred within a few weeks of stopping dapsone; remission was sustained for 1 to 3 years on a maintenance dose of 25 mg daily.
Douwes KE, Landthaler M, Szeimies R-M. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143: 195–7.
The use of oral prednisolone with low-dose isotretinoin is described.
Bastida J, Valeron-Almazan P, Santana-Molina N, Medina-Gil C. Int J Dermatol 2012; 51: 216–20.
Inflammatory lesions were effectively suppressed in four cases although rapid relapse occurred on stopping treatment.
Tong AK, Baden HP. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 21: 1096–9.
Successful treatment of tufted folliculitis by surgical excision.
Leulmo-Aguilar J, Gonzalez-Castro U, Castells-Rodelas A. Br J Dermatol 1993; 128: 454–7.
The authors consider that erythema and scaling herald extension of the disease process, and that treatment with keratolytics and tar shampoo is important.
Smith EP, Hardaway CA, Graham BS, Johnstone PA. Cutis 2006; 78: 162–4.
X-rays used as the final resort in a patient who failed to respond to other modalities.
Parlette EC, Kroeger N, Ross EV. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 1152–4.
Remission achieved by laser epilation in an African-American patient.
Based on the optical properties of light in skin, the Nd:YAG laser is the best for laser depilation in dark individuals.
Mihaljevic N, von den Driesch P. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2012; 10: 589–92.
Case report of clearance of inflammatory lesions with infliximab in severe folliculitis decalvans. No recurrence developed in a 12-month follow-up period.
Treatment of Skin Disease Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies 4e
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