Electroencephalography

Published on 02/03/2015 by admin

Filed under Basic Science

Last modified 02/03/2015

Print this page

rate 1 star rate 2 star rate 3 star rate 4 star rate 5 star
Your rating: none, Average: 0 (0 votes)

This article have been viewed 2878 times

30 Electroencephalography

Neurophysiological Basis of the EEG

Since its initial development, EEG has remained a unique tool for the study of cortical function and a valuable supplement to history, physical examination, and information gained by radiological studies.

When small metallic disc electrodes are placed on the surface of the scalp, oscillating currents of 20–100 µV can be detected and are referred to as an electroencephalogram (EEG). Their origin is a direct consequence of the additive effect of groups of cortical pyramidal neurons being arranged in radial (outward-directed) columns. The columns relevant here are those beneath the surface of the cortical gyri. As the membrane potentials of these columns fluctuate, an electrical dipole (adjacent areas of opposite charge) develops. The dipole results in an electrical field potential as current flows through the adjacent extracellular space as well as intracellularly through the neurons (Figure 30.1). It is the extracellular component of this current that is recorded in the EEG and variations in both the strength and density of the current loops result in its characteristic sinusoidal waveform.

The oscillations of the EEG, measured in microvolts (µV) are thought to be generated by reciprocal excitatory and inhibitory interactions of neighboring cortical cell columns.

Technique

After careful preparation of the skin of the scalp to ensure good contact, electrodes are affixed in a placement that is in conformity with the 10–20 International System of Electrode Placement, when the scalp is divided into a grid in accordance with Figure 30.2.

By defining a consistent placement of electrodes, direct comparison to follow-up studies is feasible, as is a method to compensate for differences in head size. Each electrode placement allows it to preferentially record over a cortical surface area of approximately 6 cm2. The nomenclature employed to define each electrode position combines a letter with a number, as shown in the figure.

Actual EEG recordings are made from all sites simultaneously. The potential difference between electrode pairs is recorded (as a rule) and this is displayed as a separate individual graph or channel. Often other physiological recordings are performed at the same time (e.g. an electrocardiograph and/or a surface EMG).

If varying pairs of electrodes are used, the montage (output) is termed bipolar (Figure 30.3A). If they have one recording site in common (auricle, or mastoid area), it is called referential (Figure 30.3B).

Figure 30.4 provides a complete set of normal tracings.

image

Figure 30.4 A complete set of normal tracings is shown, tagged in accordance with the nomenclature in Figure 30.2. (An electrocardiogram [EKG] has been taken simultaneously.) Note the low amplitude of the waves (20 µV or less) and their high frequency in this 2-second sample.

Types of Pattern

Normal EEG rhythms

Normal sleep EEG

Glossary

People normally pass through three to five sleep cycles per night. The sequence of events is summarized in Figure 30.5. Alpha rhythm becomes apparent (on occipital leads) during quiet rest with eyes closed.

By general agreement, sleep proper is associated with slow-wave patterns in the EEG. There is a rapid descent through stage 1, characterized by a steady theta rhythm, into stage 2, characterized by theta waves interrupted by sinusoidal waveforms called sleep spindles, and by occasional K complex spikes. Stage 3 is characterized by slow, delta waves hence the term slow wave sleep for that stage (Figure 30.6).

It is generally agreed that the waxing and waning of cortical activity during slow wave sleep has its origin in the thalamus, where the relay nuclei projecting to the cortex also enter a rhythmic discharge mode during slow wave sleep. This rhythm is characterized by a succession of hyperpolarized states alternating with depolarized states exhibiting bursts of firing. The vigorous firing is triggered by momentary opening of voltage gated calcium channels. The transient (momentary) opening accounts for the term T-channels applied to these.

As described in Chapter 27, thalamocortical projections pass through an inhibitory shell in the form of the thalamic reticular nucleus, with reciprocal connections to parent relay cells as shown in Figure 27.4

Buy Membership for Basic Science Category to continue reading. Learn more here