Abdominal wall and hernia

Published on 10/04/2015 by admin

Filed under Surgery

Last modified 22/04/2025

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CHAPTER 12 Abdominal wall and hernia

Herniae

Types of hernia

Inguinal hernia

This is the most common form of hernia. There are two types: indirect and direct.

Direct

This is acquired. The defect occurs in the abdominal wall, in Hesselbach’s triangle (bounded by the inguinal ligament inferiorly, the inferior epigastric artery laterally and the lateral border of rectus muscle medially). It is due to a weakness of the transversalis fascia in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. It is often bilateral and occurs in the older patient and may be associated with obesity, cough, constipation, prostatism.

Both types may occur and straddle the inferior epigastric artery, the so-called ‘pantaloon’ hernia.

Treatment

Obstructed and strangulated herniae

These require emergency surgery, with resection of bowel if necessary followed by surgical repair.

Femoral hernia

The defect is in the transversalis fascia overlying the femoral ring at the entry to the femoral canal. The hernia passes through the femoral canal and presents in the groin, below and lateral to the pubic tubercle. It is more common in females and carries a higher risk of strangulation. Femoral herniae are often of the Richter type.

Treatment

Surgical repair. An incision is made directly over the swelling. The sac is opened, the contents reduced and the sac removed. The defect is repaired by inserting non-absorbable sutures between the inguinal ligament and the pectineal ligament, thus closing the femoral canal. If the hernia is strangulated or obstructed, a separate abdominal incision will be required to deal with the bowel. There is no place for a truss in the treatment of femoral hernia – it may, in fact, be dangerous by compressing the contents of an incompletely emptied sac against the pubic bone. This is one reason why it is necessary to distinguish accurately between inguinal and femoral herniae. Recurrence rate following surgery should be less than 3%.

Incisional hernia

This occurs through a defect in the scar of a previous abdominal incision.

Other conditions of the abdominal wall

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