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Published on 02/06/2015 by admin

Filed under Internal Medicine

Last modified 22/04/2025

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U

Ulcerative Colitis

• Crohn’s disease
• Bacterial infections
• Acute: Campylobacter, Yersinia, Salmonella, Shigella, Chlamydia, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, gonococcal proctitis
• Chronic: Whipple’s disease, TB, enterocolitis
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Protozoal and parasitic infections (amebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis)
• Neoplasm (intestinal lymphoma, carcinoma of colon)
• Ischemic bowel disease
• Diverticulitis
• Celiac sprue, collagenous colitis, irradiation enteritis, endometriosis, gay bowel syndrome

Urethral Discharge and Dysuria

• Urethritis (gonococcal, chlamydial, trichomonal)
• Cystitis
• Prostatitis
• Vaginitis (candidiasis, chemical)
• Meatal stenosis
• Interstitial cystitis
• Trauma (foreign body, masturbation, horseback or bike riding)

Urethritis, Gonococcal

• Nongonococcal urethritis
• Herpes simplex virus

Urethritis, Nongonococcal

• Gonococcal urethritis
• Herpes simplex virus
• Trichomoniasis

Uric Acid Stones

• Hyperuricemia
• Excessive dietary purine
• Medications (salicylates, allopurinol, probenecid)
• Urine pH < 5.5 (e.g., diarrhea, high animal protein diet)
• Decreased urine output (dehydration, malabsorption, diarrhea, inadequate fluid intake)
• Tumor lysis
• Hemolytic anemia
• Myeloproliferative disorders

Urinary Retention, Acute

• Mechanical obstruction: urethral stone, foreign body, urethral stricture, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate carcinoma, prostatitis, trauma with hematoma formation)
• Neurogenic bladder
• Neurologic disease (multiple sclerosis [MS], parkinsonism, tabes dorsalis, cerebrovascular accident [CVA])
• Spinal cord injury
• CNS neoplasm (primary or metastatic)
• Spinal anesthesia
• Lower urinary tract instrumentation
• Medications (antihistamines, antidepressants, narcotics, anticholinergics)
• Abdominal or pelvic surgery
• Alcohol toxicity
• Pregnancy
• Anxiety
• Encephalitis
• Postoperative pain
• Spina bifida occulta

Urinary Tract Infection

• Interstitial cystitis
• Vaginitis
• Urethritis (gonococcal, nongonococcal, Trichomonas)
• Frequency-urgency syndrome, prostatitis (acute and chronic)
• Obstructive uropathy
• Infected stones
• Fistulas
• Papillary necrosis
• Vesicoureteral reflux

Urine Casts

• Normal finding
• Pyelonephritis
• Chronic renal disease
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Acute tubular necrosis
• Interstitial nephritis
• Nephritic syndrome
• Glomerulonephritis
• Eclampsia
• Heavy metal ingestion
• Allograft rejection
• Hypothyroidism

Urine, Red30

WITH A POSITIVE DIPSTICK

• Hematuria
• Hemoglobinuria: negative urinalysis
• Myoglobinuria: negative urinalysis

WITH A NEGATIVE DIPSTICK

Drugs

• Aminosalicylic acid
• Deferoxamine mesylate
• Ibuprofen
• Phenacetin
• Phenolphthalein
• Phensuximide
• Rifampin
• Anthraquinone laxatives
• Doxorubicin
• Methyldopa
• Phenazopyridine
• Phenothiazine
• Phenytoin

Dyes

• Azo dyes
• Eosin

Foods

• Beets, berries, maize
• Rhodamine B

Metabolic

• Porphyrins
• Serratia marcescens (red diaper syndrome)
• Urate crystalluria

Urolithiasis

• Urinary tract infection
• Pyelonephritis
• Diverticulitis
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Ovarian pathology
• Factitious (drug addicts)
• Appendicitis
• Small bowel obstruction
• Ectopic pregnancy

Uropathy, Obstructive37

INTRINSIC CAUSES

• Intraluminal: intratubular deposition of crystals (uric acid, sulfas), stones, papillary tissue, blood clots
• Intramural
• Functional: ureter (ureteropelvic or ureterovesical dysfunction); bladder (neurogenic): spinal cord defect or trauma, diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease, cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), bladder neck dysfunction
• Anatomic: tumors, infection, granuloma, strictures

EXTRINSIC CAUSES

• Originating in the reproductive system

• Prostate: benign hypertrophy or cancer
• Uterus: pregnancy, tumors, prolapse, endometriosis
• Ovary: abscess, tumor, cysts

• Originating in the vascular system: aneurysms (aorta, iliac vessels), aberrant arteries (ureteropelvic junction), venous (ovarian veins, retrocaval ureter)
• Originating in the gastrointestinal tract: Crohn’s disease, pancreatitis, appendicitis, tumors
• Originating in the retroperitoneal space: inflammations, fibrosis, tumor, hematomas

Urticaria (Hives)

• Erythema multiforme
• Erythema marginatum
• Erythema infectiosum
• Urticarial vasculitis
• Herpes gestationis
• Drug eruption
• Multiple insect bites
• Bullous pemphigoid

Uterine Bleeding, Abnormal12

PREGNANCY

• Threatened abortion
• Incomplete abortion
• Complete abortion
• Molar pregnancy
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Retained products of conception

OVULATORY

• Vulva: infection, laceration, tumor
• Vagina: infection, laceration, tumor, foreign body
• Cervix: polyps, cervical erosion, cervicitis, carcinoma
• Uterus: fibroids (submucous fibroids most likely to cause abnormal bleeding), polyps, adenomyosis, endometritis, intrauterine device, atrophic endometrium
• Pregnancy complications: ectopic pregnancy; threatened, incomplete, complete abortion; retained products of conception
• Abnormality of clotting system
• Midcycle bleeding
• Halban’s disease (persistent corpus luteum)
• Menorrhagia
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

ANOVULATORY

• Physiologic causes

• Puberty
• Perimenopausal

• Pathologic causes

• Ovarian failure (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] >40 IU/ml)
• Hyperandrogenism
• Hyperprolactinemia
• Obesity
• Hypothalamic dysfunction (polycystic ovaries); luteinizing hormone (LH)/FSH ratio >2 : 1
• Hyperplasia
• Endometrial carcinoma
• Estrogen-producing tumors
• Hypothyroidism

Uterine Myoma

• Leiomyosarcoma
• Ovarian mass (neoplastic, non-neoplastic, endometrioma)
• Inflammatory mass
• Pregnancy

Uveitis

• Glaucoma
• Conjunctivitis
• Retinal detachment
• Retinopathy
• Keratitis
• Scleritis
• Episcleritis

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