CLINICAL CONCEPTS

Medial ligament injuries are among the most frequently treated problems of the knee joint. Whereas isolated superficial medial collateral ligament (SMCL) ruptures are common, concomitant damage to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) occurs in many cases, especially in young and active patients.1–4,⁹ The majority of isolated acute injuries that involve damage to the SMCL alone, or to the SMCL and posteromedial capsule (PMC), do not require surgery. Patients who have medial ligament tears classified as first degree (tear involving a few fibers), second degree (partial tear, no instability, ≤3 mm of increased medial joint opening), or third degree (complete rupture) who demonstrate either a mild to moderate increase in medial joint opening at 30° of flexion and no increase at 0° do not require acute medial ligament reconstruction. These knees are treated with the conservative rehabilitation program, and if concomitant injury exists to other ligaments, the decision of whether to reconstruct those structures is based on the extent of the injury, patient goals, and other issues addressed for the ACL in Chapter 7, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Primary and Revision Reconstruction: Diagnosis, Operative Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes, the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in Chapter 21, Posterior Cruciate Ligament: Diagnosis, Operative Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes, and the posterolateral ligament structures in Chapter 22, Posterolateral Ligament Injuries: Diagnosis, Operative Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes.

Critical Points CLINICAL CONCEPTS

• Majority of isolated acute medial ligament injuries do not require surgery

Treated with conservative rehabilitation.

If concomitant injury exists to other ligaments, the decision of whether to reconstruct those structures is based on the extent of the injury, patient goals, and other issues.

• Acute third-degree injury of all of the medial structures, either alone or in combination with cruciate ligament tears, often require surgery.

• Chronic deficiency of the medial ligament structures that causes partial giving-way during athletic activities may require reconstruction.

An acute third-degree injury consisting of gross major disruption of all of the medial structures (SMCL, deep medial collateral ligament, meniscus attachments, PMC, posterior oblique ligament [POL], and semimembranosus attachments), either alone or in combination with cruciate ligament tears, often require surgical intervention. In these knees, large increases in medial joint opening are present at 30° of flexion, and at least 5 mm of increased medial joint opening exists at 0°. In addition, repair of medial meniscus attachments is indicated to retain meniscus function. Chronic deficiency of the medial ligament structures that causes partial giving-way during athletic activities may require reconstruction. In these knees, partial or complete ACL deficiency is frequently noted. The indications for medial ligament surgery and the appropriate candidates are discussed in detail in Chapter 24, Medial and Posteromedial Ligament Injuries: Diagnosis, Operative Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes.

CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT OF MEDIAL LIGAMENT INJURIES

The goals of rehabilitation of medial ligament injuries are to

Provide appropriate protection initially after the injury to allow the disrupted medial ligament structures to “stick-down” and heal with the least amount of residual ligament elongation or abnormal medial joint opening.

Control of joint pain, swelling, and hemarthrosis.

Regain a normal range of knee motion.

Restore a normal gait pattern and neuromuscular stability for ambulation.

Recover normal lower limb muscle strength.

Regain normal proprioception, balance, coordination, and neuromuscular control for desired activities.

Achieve optimal functional outcome based on orthopaedic and patient goals.

The treatment rationale for patients with acute medial ligament ruptures is shown in Figure 25-1. The algorithm is divided into three major sections based on the extent of injury to the SMCL and PMC/POL. The first- and second-degree injuries are treated initially with a functional brace, weight-bearing as tolerated, and the rehabilitation program summarized in Tables 25-1 and 25-2. Some second-degree injuries may have considerable medial pain and swelling, and in these cases, an extension brace and assistive ambulatory devices are used for the initial 1 to 2 weeks after the injury. The type of functional brace varies from a medial/lateral hinge elastic type to a long-leg postoperative brace in select cases in which more support is required.

Figure 25-1 Treatment rationale for patients with acute medial ligament ruptures.

Table 25-1 Conservative Management of First-Degree Medial Ligament Injuries

ROM, range of motion.

Table 25-2 Conservative Management of Second-Degree Medial Ligament Injuries

ROM, range of motion.

Third-Degree Injuries: Weeks 1 to 3

The treatment of third-degree medial ligament injuries involves short-term immobilization to allow the medial ligament structures time to heal with the least elongation or laxity by limiting medial joint opening and external tibial rotation. The lower limb is placed in a cylinder cast positioned in slight varus and internal rotation for 1 week to allow the disrupted medial soft tissues to “stick-down.” Plaster immobilization is required because a soft hinged or functional brace, even if locked at 0°, does not provide sufficient protection to maintain medial joint line closure to allow close approximation of the disrupted medial ligament and meniscus attachment soft tissues. The patient is instructed to maintain the leg in an elevated position with the limb supported in order to control lower extremity swelling. The patient is also instructed to stay off of the lower limb as much as possible. In addition, ankle-pumping exercises are performed to maintain lower extremity circulation, and quadriceps isometrics are done hourly. Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is used to augment the voluntary quadriceps contraction. Windows may be cut into the cast in order to observe the electrodes to ensure that they do not irritate the skin or to determine whether they need to be replaced. EMS is used approximately six times per day for 15-minute sessions. A co-contraction should occur between the stimulator and the patient’s voluntary contraction. Hamstring and gastrocnemius flexibility exercises are also encouraged to promote posterior muscle relaxation.

At 7 to 10 days, the cylinder cast is split into an anterior and a posterior shell (Fig. 25-2) to permit the patient to begin passive range of motion (ROM) exercises, which are initially assisted by the therapist. The cast is used for an additional 2 weeks to allow for early stick-down of the medial ligament structures. The patient is allowed to bear 25% of her or his body weight as long as the cast is in place. ROM exercises are initiated in a figure-four position from 0° to 90° in order to avoid valgus and external rotation loads on the healing ligaments (Fig. 25-3). A 4-inch tubular stocking is double-wrapped around the foot and ankle to allow the patient under her or his own power to flex the knee. This protected ROM program is performed three to four times a day for 10 to 15 minutes per session. Quadriceps strengthening exercises including isometrics and flexion straight leg raises are emphasized. TheraBand resistance for plantar flexion is used to maintain gastrocnemius tone. Ice, compression, and elevation are used for pain and swelling control.

Figure 25-2 Cylinder cast split into an anterior and a posterior shell.

Figure 25-3 Patient performs range of motion (ROM) exercises from 0° to 90° in a figure-four position with the hip joint externally rotated to protect the healing medial tissues.

Critical Points CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT OF MEDIAL LIGAMENT INJURIES

• First- and second-degree medial ligament injuries treated initially with a functional brace, weight-bearing as tolerated, and the rehabilitation program summarized in Tables 25-1 and 25-2.

• Third-degree medial ligament injuries require short-term immobilization to allow structures time to heal.

• Weeks 1–3

Cylinder cast 7–10 days.

Cast bivalved into anterior, posterior shell, worn 2 more wk. Knee motion done in figure-four position, 3–4 times/day.

Quadriceps isometrics, flexion straight leg raises.

• Weeks 4–6

Cast discontinued, functional brace worn.

Weight-bearing progressed 25%/wk, discontinue crutches by 6th wk.

Straight leg raises, closed-chain exercises.

Emphasis on ligament protection during gait and exercise.

• Weeks 7–9

Gait and range of motion normal or nearly normal.

Emphasis on returning lower extremity strength to normal.

Begin cross-training for cardiovascular endurance.

Balance, proprioception exercises.

• Weeks 10–12

Focus on return to activity.

Gait, knee motion, activities of daily living, symptoms should be within normal limits.

Isokinetic muscle strength parameters within 70% and 90% for straight-ahead running and more strenuous turning/cutting drills, respectively.

Full running program, sports-specific training.

• Concomitant anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture and third-degree medial ligament rupture requires initial stick-down program and treatment described. 3–6 wk of conservative management before ACL reconstruction.

• Concomitant posterior cruciate ligament rupture and medial ligament rupture requires initial stick-down program with a posterior calf pad to prevent posterior tibial subluxation. Hamstrings contractions not allowed for 6 wk, then permitted in the active mode only for an additional 6 wk.