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Published on 07/06/2015 by admin

Filed under Internal Medicine

Last modified 22/04/2025

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Rabies

• Delirium tremens

• Psychiatric disorders

• Other viral encephalitides

• Guillain-Barré syndrome

• Poliomyelitis

Ramsay Hunt Syndrome

• Herpes simplex

• External otitis

• Enteroviral infection

• Bell’s palsy of other etiologies

• Acoustic neuroma (before appearance of skin lesions)

Red Eye

• Infectious conjunctivitis (bacterial, viral)

• Allergic conjunctivitis

• Acute glaucoma

• Keratitis (bacterial, viral)

Red Urine

• Hemoglobinuria

• Myoglobinuria

• Medications (aminosalicylic acid, deferoxamine, phenazopyridine, phenolphthalein, NSAIDs, rifampin, phenytoin, methyldopa, doxorubicin, phenacetin)

• Foods (beets, berries, maize)

• Urate crystalluria

Reiter’s Syndrome

• Ankylosing spondylitis

• Psoriatic arthritis

• Rheumatoid arthritis

• Gonococcal arthritis-tenosynovitis

• Rheumatic fever

Renal Cell Adenocarcinoma

• Transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis (8% of all renal cancers)

• Wilms’ tumor

• Other rare primary renal carcinomas and sarcomas

• Renal cysts

• Retroperitoneal tumors

Renal Cystic Disorders

• Simple cysts

• Acquired cystic kidney disease

• Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

• Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

• Medullary cystic disease

• Medullary sponge kidney

Renal Failure, Intrinsic or Parenchymal Causes,³⁷

ABNORMALITIES OF THE VASCULATURE

• Renal arteries: atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, arteritis

• Renal veins: thrombosis

• Microvasculature: vasculitis, thrombotic microangiopathy

ABNORMALITIES OF GLOMERULI (ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS)

• Anti–glomerular membrane disease (Goodpasture’s syndrome)

• Immune complex glomerulonephritis: SLE, postinfectious, idiopathic, membranoproliferative

ABNORMALITIES OF INTERSTITIUM (ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS)

• Drugs (e.g., antibiotics, NSAIDs, diuretics, anticonvulsants, allopurinol)

• Infectious pyelonephritis

• Infiltrative: lymphoma, leukemia, sarcoidosis

ABNORMALITIES OF TUBULES

• Physical obstruction (uric acid, oxalate, light chains)

• Acute tubular necrosis

• Toxic (antibiotics, chemotherapy, immunosuppressives, radiocontrast dyes, heavy metals, myoglobin, hemolyzed RBCs)

Renal Failure, Prerenal Causes ³⁷

DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT

• Congestive heart failure (CHF)

• Arrhythmias

• Pericardial constriction or tamponade

• Pulmonary embolism

HYPOVOLEMIA

• GI tract loss (vomiting, diarrhea, nasogastric suction)

• Blood losses (trauma, GI tract surgery)

• Renal losses (diuretics, mineralocorticoid deficiency, postobstructive diuresis)

• Skin losses (burns)

VOLUME REDISTRIBUTION

• Decrease in effective blood volume

• Hypoalbuminemic states (cirrhosis, nephrosis)

• Sequestration of fluid in “third” space (ischemic bowel, peritonitis, pancreatitis)

• Peripheral vasodilation (sepsis, vasodilators, anaphylaxis)

ALTERED RENAL VASCULAR RESISTANCE

• Increase in afferent vascular resistance (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], liver disease, sepsis, hypercalcemia, cyclosporine)

• Decrease in efferent arteriolar tone (angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors)

Renal Tubular Acidosis

• Diarrhea with significant bicarbonate loss

• Other causes of metabolic acidosis

• Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory Failure, Hypoventilatory ²⁹

ABNORMAL RESPIRATORY CAPACITY, NORMAL RESPIRATORY WORKLOADS

• Acute depression of CNS: various causes

• Chronic central hypoventilation syndromes: obesity-hypoventilation syndrome, sleep apnea syndrome, hypothyroidism, Shy-Drager syndrome (multisystem atrophy syndrome)

• Acute toxic paralysis syndromes: botulism, tetanus, toxic ingestion or bites, organophosphate poisoning

• Neuromuscular disorders (acute and chronic): myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, drugs, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), muscular dystrophies, polymyositis, spinal cord injury, traumatic phrenic nerve paralysis

ABNORMAL PULMONARY WORKLOADS

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, emphysema

• Asthma and acute bronchial hyperreactivity syndromes

• Upper airway obstruction

• Interstitial lung diseases

ABNORMAL EXTRAPULMONARY WORKLOADS

• Chronic thoracic cage disorders: severe kyphoscoliosis, after thoracoplasty, after thoracic cage injury

• Acute thoracic cage trauma and burns

• Pneumothorax

• Pleural fibrosis and effusions

• Abdominal processes

Reticulocytosis

• Hemolytic anemia (sickle cell crisis, thalassemia major, autoimmune hemolysis)

• Post anemia therapy (folic acid, ferrous sulfate, vitamin B₁₂)

• Chronic renal failure

Retinitis Pigmentosa

• Old inflammatory scars

• Old hemorrhage

• Toxic retinopathies (phenothiazines, chloroquine)

Retinopathy, Diabetic

• Retinal inflammatory diseases

• Arteriosclerotic vascular disease

Retinopathy, Hypertensive

• Retinal venous obstruction

• Diabetic retinopathy

• Ocular ischemic syndrome

• Hyperviscosity

• Tortuosity of retinal artery

Retropharyngeal Abscess

• Cervical osteomyelitis

• Pott’s disease

• Calcific tendinitis of the long muscle of the neck

Reye’s Syndrome

• Inborn errors of metabolism: carnitine deficiency, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

• Salicylate or amiodarone intoxication

• Jamaican vomiting sickness

• Hepatic encephalopathy of any cause

Rheumatic Fever

• Rheumatoid arthritis

• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Still’s disease)

• Bacterial endocarditis

• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

• Viral infections

• Serum sickness

Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Systemic lupus erythematosus

• Seronegative spondyloarthropathies

• Polymyalgia rheumatica

• Acute rheumatic fever

• Scleroderma

• Osteoarthritis

Rhinitis, Allergic

• Infections (sinusitis; viral, bacterial, or fungal rhinitis)

• Rhinitis medicamentosa (cocaine, sympathomimetic nasal drops)

• Vasomotor rhinitis (e.g., secondary to air pollutants)

• Septal obstruction (e.g., deviated septum), nasal polyps, nasal neoplasms

• Systemic diseases (e.g., Wegener’s granulomatosis, hypothyroidism [rare])

Rhus Dermatitis (Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, Poison Sumac)

• Lichen simplex chronicus

• Atopic dermatitis

• Seborrheic dermatitis

Rickets

• Osteoporosis

• Hyperparathyroidism

• Hyperthyroidism

Roseola

• Fifth disease

• Drug eruption

• Mononucleosis

Rotator Cuff Syndrome

• Shoulder instability

• Degenerative arthritis

• Cervical radiculopathy

• Avascular necrosis

• Suprascapular nerve entrapment

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