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Published on 07/06/2015 by admin

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Last modified 07/06/2015

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Obesity

• Hypothalamic disorders
• Hypothyroidism
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Insulinoma
• Chronic corticosteroid use
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Cirrhosis
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

• Other psychiatric disorders in which obsessive thoughts occur (e.g., body dysmorphic disorder or phobias)
• Other conditions in which compulsive behaviors are seen (e.g., trichotillomania)
• Major depression, hypochondriasis, and several anxiety disorders with predominant obsessions or compulsions; however, in these disorders, the thoughts are not anxiety provoking or extremes of normal concern
• Delusions or psychosis, which may be mistaken for obsessive thoughts; distinguished from OCD in that the individual recognizes the ideas are not real
• Tics and stereotypic movements that appear compulsive but are not driven by the desire to neutralize an obsession
• Paraphilias or pathologic gambling; distinguished from compulsions in that they are usually enjoyable

Ocular Foreign Body

• Corneal abrasion
• Corneal ulceration
• Glaucoma
• Herpes ulcers
• Infection
• Other keratitis

Odynophagia39

Causes of odynophagia:

INFECTIONS

• Herpes simplex virus
• Cytomegalovirus
• Candidiasis

CHEMICAL, INFLAMMATORY

• Gastroesophageal reflux
• Drug induced (Slow-K, tetracyclines, quinidine)
• Irradiation
• Graft-versus-host disease
• Crohn’s disease
• Dermatologic diseases (pemphigus and pemphigoid)

Onychomycosis (Tinea Unguium)

• Psoriasis
• Contact dermatitis
• Lichen planus
• Subungual keratosis
• Paronychia
• Infection (e.g., Pseudomonas)
• Trauma
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Yellow nail syndrome

Ophthalmoplegia1

BILATERAL

• Botulism
• Myasthenia gravis
• Wernicke’s encephalopathy
• Acute cranial polyneuropathy
• Brainstem stroke

UNILATERAL

• Carotid, posterior (third cranial nerve, pupil involved, communicating aneurysm)
• Diabetic, idiopathic (third or sixth cranial nerve, pupil spared)
• Myasthenia gravis
• Brainstem stroke

Opioid Dependence

• Psychiatric disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder)
• Acute medical illness (e.g., hypoglycemia, seizure disorder, sepsis, renal or hepatic insufficiency) may mimic opiate withdrawal symptoms.

Opsoclonus*

• Multiple sclerosis
• Encephalitis
• CNS lymphoma
• Hydrocephalus
• Pontine hemorrhage
• Thalamic disorder (glioma, hemorrhage)
• Hyperosmolar coma
• Carcinoma, paraneoplastic
• Cocaine
• Medications (e.g., phenytoin, haloperidol, amitriptyline, diazepam, vidarabine)

Optic Atrophy

• Nutritional, toxic, and hereditary causes are usually bilateral.
• Unilateral optic atrophy in a young person is more commonly MS.
• Postviral atrophy may be seen in childhood.

Optic Neuritis

• Inflammatory: sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Behçet’s syndrome, postinfectious, postvaccination
• Infectious: syphilis, TB, Lyme disease, Bartonella, HIV
• Ischemic: giant cell arteritis, anterior and posterior ischemic optic neuropathies, diabetic papillopathy, branch or central retinal artery or vein occlusion
• Mitochondrial: Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
• Mass lesion: aneurysm, meningioma, glioma, metastases
• Retinal migraine
• Ocular: optic drusen, retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, posterior scleritis, neuroretinitis, maculopathies and retinopathies
• Acute papilledema
• Toxic/nutritional: vitamin B12 deficiency, tobacco-alcohol amblyopia, methanol, ethambutol

Oral Mucosa, Erythematous Lesions9

• Allergy
• Erythroplakia
• Candidiasis
• Geographic tongue
• Stomatitis areata migrans
• Plasma cell gingivitis
• Pemphigus vulgaris

Oral Mucosa, Pigmented Lesions9

• Racial pigmentation
• Oral melanotic macule
• Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
• Neurofibromatosis
• Albright’s syndrome
• Addison’s disease
• Chloasma
• Drug reaction: quinacrine, minocycline, chlorpromazine, busulfan
• Amalgam tattoo
• Lead line
• Smoker’s melanosis
• Nevi
• Melanoma

Oral Mucosa, Punctate Erosive Lesions9

• Viral lesion: herpes simplex, coxsackievirus (A, B, A16), herpes zoster
• Aphthous stomatitis
• Sutton’s disease (giant aphthae)
• Behçet’s syndrome
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