Similar to previous chapters, this chapter examines disorders that result when an individual has a maladaptive response to his or her environment (internal or external). (See Chapter 11 for an explanation of the anatomy and physiology of the brain and nervous system.) However, even though some mental illnesses have organic causes in which neurotransmitters and other known brain functions play a role, there is no mental “anatomy” per se. Instead, behavioral health is a complex interaction among an individual’s emotional, physical, mental, and behavioral processes in an environment that includes cultural and spiritual influences.

Mental health may be defined as a relative state of mind in which a person who is healthy is able to cope with and adjust to the recurrent stresses of everyday living in a culturally acceptable way. Thus mental illness may be generally defined as a functional impairment that substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities for a significant duration.

Pathology

Fig. 12-1 A, This drawing by a patient with schizophrenia demonstrates thought disorder. B, Drawing by a delusional patient with schizophrenia.

Fig. 12-2 The perception of body shape and size can be evaluated with the use of special computer drawing programs that allow a subject to distort (increase or decrease) the width of an actual picture of a person’s body by as much as 20%. Subjects with anorexia consistently adjusted their own body picture to a size 20% larger than its true form, which suggests that they have a major problem with the perception of self-image.

Affect is observable demonstration of emotion that can be described in terms of quality, range, and appropriateness. The following list defines the most significant types of affect encountered in behavioral health:

• Blunted: moderately reduced range of affect.

• Flat: the diminishment or loss of emotional expression sometimes observed in schizophrenia, mental retardation, and some depressive disorders.

• Labile: multiple, abrupt changes in affect seen in certain types of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

• Full/wide range of affect: generally appropriate emotional response.

Term	Word Origin	Definition
amnesia		Inability to remember either isolated parts of the past or one’s entire past; may be caused by brain damage or severe emotional trauma.
anhedonia	an- no, not, without hedon/o pleasure -ia condition	Absence of the ability to experience either pleasure or joy, even in the face of causative events.
confabulation		Effort to conceal a gap in memory by fabricating detailed, often believable stories. Associated with alcohol abuse.
dyscalculia	dys- difficult calcul/o stone -ia condition	Difficulty with performing mathematical calculations.
dysphoria	dys- abnormal phor/o to carry, to bear -ia condition	Generalized negative mood characterized by depression.
echolalia	echo- reverberation -lalia condition of babbling	Repetition of words or phrases spoken by others.
euphoria	eu- good, well phor/o to carry, to bear -ia condition	Exaggerated sense of physical and emotional well-being not based on reality, disproportionate to the cause, or inappropriate to the situation.
hallucination		Any unreal sensory perception that occurs with no external cause.
hyperkinesis	hyper- excessive -kinesis movement	Excessive movement and activity.
stupor		From the Latin term for “numbness,” a stupor is a state of near unconsciousness.

Build the following terms.

8. condition of without pleasure ____________________________________________________________________

9. excessive movement _____________________________________________________________________________

Term	Word Origin	Definition
dementia	de- down, lack of ment/o mind -ia condition	Lack of normal mental functioning due to injury or disease. May include changes to personality as well as memory and reasoning.

An individual is considered an “abuser” if he or she uses substances in ways that threaten health or impair social or economic functioning. The term harmful use indicates a pattern of drug use that causes damage to health. If the term tolerance is used to describe someone’s usage, it means a state in which the body becomes accustomed to the substances ingested; hence the user requires greater amounts to create the desired effect. Individuals who exhibit a lessening or disappearance of a disease or disorder are said to be in remission. ICD-10-CM uses “in remission” codes instead of “history” codes.

Term	Word Origin	Definition
delirium tremens (DTs)		Acute and sometimes fatal delirium induced by the cessation of ingesting excessive amounts of alcohol over a long period.
dependence		Difficulty in controlling use of a drug.
intoxication	in- in toxic/o poison -ation process of	Episode of behavioral disturbance following ingestion of alcohol or psychotropic drugs. ICD-10-CM provides a code for blood alcohol level.
withdrawal state		Group of symptoms that occur during cessation of the use of a regularly taken drug.

Term	Word Origin	Definition
catatonia	cata- down ton/o tension -ia condition	Paralysis or immobility from psychological or emotional, rather than physical, causes.
catatonic schizophrenia	cata- down ton/o tension -ic pertaining to schiz/o split phren/o mind -ia condition	Also called schizophrenic catalepsy. This form of schizophrenia is dominated by prominent psychomotor disturbances that may alternate between extremes, such as hyperkinesis and stupor, and may be accompanied by a dreamlike (oneiric) state and hallucinations.
delirium		Condition of confused, unfocused, irrational agitation. In mental disorders, agitation and confusion may also be accompanied by a more intense disorientation, incoherence, or fear, and illusions, hallucinations, and delusions.
hebephrenia	hebe goddess of youth phren/o mind -ia condition	Although more often referred to as disorganized schizophrenia, hebephrenia was named for its original association with initial occurrence at the time of puberty. It is characterized by prominent affective changes, fleeting and fragmentary delusions and hallucinations, and irresponsible and unpredictable behaviors. Shallow, inappropriate mood, flighty thoughts, social isolation, and incoherent speech are also present.
oneirism	oneir/o dream -ism state	A state of a dreamlike hallucination.
paranoia	para- abnormal -noia condition of the mind	A type of delusional disorder, paranoia includes the inaccurate perception of suspicious thinking. Also called delusional disorder, or late paraphrenia.
psychosis	psych/o mind -osis abnormal condition	Disassociation with or impaired perception of reality; may be accompanied by hallucinations, delusions, incoherence, akathisia (the inability to sit still), and/or disorganized behavior.
schizophrenia	schiz/o split phren/o mind -ia condition	A group of disorders characterized by fundamental distortions of thinking and perception, coupled with affect that is inappropriate or blunted. The patient exhibits characteristic inability to recognize an appropriate perception of reality, although his/her intellectual capacity is usually intact (Fig. 12-1).
schizotypal disorder		Unlike the other forms of schizophrenia, patient exhibits anhedonia, eccentric behavior, cold affect, and social isolation. Also called borderline schizophrenia, latent schizophrenia and prodromal schizophrenia.

Term	Word Origin	Definition
bipolar disorder (BP, BD)	bi- two pol/o pole -ar pertaining to	Disorder characterized by swings between an elevation of mood, increased energy and activity (hypomania and mania), and a lowering of mood and decreased energy and activity (depression).
cyclothymia	cycl/o recurring -thymia condition of the mind	Disorder characterized by recurring episodes of mild elation and depression that are not severe enough to warrant a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.
dysthymia	dys- difficult -thymia condition of the mind	Mild, chronic depression of mood that lasts for years but is not severe enough to justify a diagnosis of depression. Euthymia is a normal range of moods and emotions.
major depressive disorder		Depression typically characterized by its degree (minimal, moderate, severe) or number of occurrences (single or recurrent, persistent). Patient exhibits dysphoria, reduction of energy, and decrease in activity. Symptoms include anhedonia, lack of ability to concentrate, and fatigue. Patient may experience parasomnias (abnormal sleep patterns), diminished appetite, and loss of self-esteem. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) is caused by decreased exposure to sunlight in autumn and winter.
mania	mania from the Greek term for “madness”	A state of an unstable, inappropriate mood.

Exercise 2:

Mental and Behavioral Disorders due to Known Physiological Conditions; Psychoactive Substance Use; Schizophrenia, Schizotypal, Delusional, and Other Non-Mood Psychotic Disorders; and Mood Disorders

Match the terms with their definitions.

A acute delirium induced by cessation of ingesting excessive amounts of alcohol over an extended period.

B state of unstable, inappropriate mood

C disorganized schizophrenia

D difficulty in controlling drug use

E group of symptoms that occur during cessation of the use of a regularly ingested drug

F episode of behavioral disturbance following ingestion of alcohol or psychotropic drugs

G disorder characterized by swings between elevation and lowering mood, energy and activity

H mild, chronic depression of mood that lasts for years

I form of schizophrenia dominated by prominent psychomotor disturbances that may alternate between extremes

J depression characterized by its degree or number of occurrences

K the lessening or disappearance of a disease/disorder

L form of schizophrenia in which patient exhibits anhedonia, cold affect, and social isolation

M pattern of drug use that damages health

N state in which the body becomes accustomed to ingested substances.

O paralysis/immobility caused by psychological causes

P condition of confused, irrational agitation

Decode the terms.

17. schizophrenia __________________________________________________________________________________

18. paranoia _______________________________________________________________________________________

19. psychosis ______________________________________________________________________________________

20. cyclothymia ____________________________________________________________________________________

21. oneirism _______________________________________________________________________________________

Term	Word Origin	Definition
acrophobia	acro- heights, extremes -phobia condition of fear, sensitivity	Fear of heights.
agoraphobia	agora- marketplace -phobia condition of fear, sensitivity	Fear of leaving home and entering crowded spaces.
androphobia	andr/o man, men -phobia condition of fear, sensitivity	Fear of men.
anthropophobia	anthrop/o man -phobia condition of fear, sensitivity	Fear of scrutiny by other people; also called social phobia.
anxiety		Anticipation of impending danger and dread accompanied by restlessness, tension, tachycardia, and breathing difficulty not associated with an apparent stimulus.
claustrophobia	claustr/o a closing -phobia condition of fear, sensitivity	Fear of enclosed spaces.
delusion		Persistent belief in a demonstrable untruth or a provable, inaccurate perception despite clear evidence to the contrary.
dissociative identity disorder		Maladaptive coping with severe stress by developing one or more separate personalities. A less severe form, dissociative disorder or dissociative reaction, results in identity confusion accompanied by amnesia, oneirism, and somnambulism. Formerly termed multiple personality disorder.
dyslexia	dys- difficult lex/o word -ia condition	Inability or difficulty with reading and/or writing.
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)		Anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable, and often irrational worry about everyday things that is disproportionate to the actual source of worry.
gynephobia	gyn/e female, women -phobia condition of fear, sensitivity	Fear of women.
illusion		Inaccurate sensory perception based on a real stimulus; examples include mirages and interpreting music or wind as voices.
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)		Disorder characterized by recurrent, distressing, and unavoidable preoccupations or irresistible drives to perform specific rituals (e.g., constantly checking locks, excessive handwashing) that the patient feels will prevent some harmful event.
panic disorder (PD)		Anxiety disorder characterized by recurring, severe panic attacks. Common symptoms of an attack include rapid heartbeat, perspiration, dizziness, dyspnea, uncontrollable fear, and hyperventilation.
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)		Extended emotional response to a traumatic event. Symptoms may include flashbacks, recurring nightmares, anhedonia, insomnia, hypervigilance, anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, and emotional blunting.
somatoform disorder	somat/o body -form shape	Any disorder that has unfounded physical complaints by the patient, despite medical assurance that no physiological problem exists. One type of somatoform disorder, hypochondriacal disorder, is the preoccupation with the possibility of having one or more serious and progressive physical disorders.

Term	Word Origin	Definition
anorexia nervosa	an- without orex/o appetite -ia condition nervos/o nervous -a noun ending	Prolonged refusal to eat adequate amounts of food and an altered perception of what constitutes a normal minimum body weight caused by an intense fear of becoming obese. Primarily affects adolescent females; emaciation and amenorrhea result (Fig. 12-2).
bulimia nervosa		Eating disorder in which the individual repetitively eats large quantities of food and then purges the body through self-induced vomiting or inappropriate use of laxatives.
hypersomnia	hyper- excessive somn/o sleep –ia condition	Excessive length or depth of sleep, especially during daytime.
hypoactive sexual desire disorder	hypo- under, deficient	Indifference or unresponsiveness to sexual stimuli; inability to achieve orgasm during intercourse. Formerly called frigidity.
idiopathic insomnia	in- not, without somn/o sleep -ia condition	An inability to fall (or stay) asleep without a known cause.
nymphomania	nymph/o woman -mania condition of madness	Relentless drive to achieve sexual orgasm in the female. In the male, the condition is called satyriasis.
somnambulism	somn/o sleep ambul/o to walk -ism condition	Sleepwalking.

Exercise 3:

Anxiety, Dissociative, Stress-Related, Somatoform, and Other Nonpsychotic Mental Disorders; Behavioral Syndromes Associated with Physiological Disturbances and Physical Factors

Match the terms with their definitions.

A fear of enclosed spaces

B maladaptive coping with severe stress by developing one or more separate personalities

C disorder characterized by recurrent and unavoidable preoccupation or drive to perform specific rituals

D eating disorder in which an individual repetitively eats a large amount of food and then purges

E a type of somatoform disorder

F persistent belief in a demonstrable untruth

G excessive sleep

H disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable, and often irrational worry about everyday things that is disproportionate to the actual source of worry.

I an inability to fall or stay asleep without a known cause

J any disorder that has unfounded physical complaints by the patient

K indifference or unresponsiveness to sexual stimuli

L fear of scrutiny by other people

M extended emotional response to a traumatic event

N prolonged refusal to eat adequate amounts of food because of the fear of becoming obese

O anxiety disorder characterized by recurring, severe panic attacks.

P inaccurate sensory perception based on a real stimulus

Q fear of men

Build the terms.

18. condition of fear of the marketplace _____________________________________________________________

19. condition of fear of females _____________________________________________________________________

20. condition of without sleep ______________________________________________________________________

21. condition of woman madness ___________________________________________________________________

22. condition of fear of heights _____________________________________________________________________

23. condition of walking in sleep ___________________________________________________________________

Term	Word Origin	Definition
antisocial personality disorder		Disorder in which the patient shows a complete lack of interest in social obligations, to the extreme of showing antipathy for other individuals. Patients frustrate easily, are quick to display aggression, show a tendency to blame others, and do not change their behavior even after punishment. Also called dissocial personality disorder.
borderline personality disorder (BPD)		Disorder characterized by impulsive, unpredictable mood and self-image, resulting in unstable interpersonal relationships and a tendency to see and respond to others as unwaveringly good or evil.
fetishism	fetish/o charm -ism condition	Reliance on an object as a stimulus for sexual arousal and pleasure.
kleptomania	klept/o to steal -mania condition of madness	Uncontrollable impulse to steal.
necrophilia	necr/o death phil/o attraction -ia condition	Abnormal sexual attraction to dead bodies.
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)		Characterized by recurrent and unavoidable preoccupations or irresistible drives to perform specific rituals (e.g., constantly checking locks, excessive handwashing) that the patient feels will prevent some harmful event. OCD differs from OCPD in that OCD patients find their preoccupations distressing, while those with OCPD consider them natural and normal.
paranoid personality disorder	para- abnormal -oid resembling, like	State in which the individual exhibits inappropriate suspicious thinking, self-importance, a lack of ability to forgive perceived insults, and an extreme sense of personal rights.
paraphilia	para- abnormal phil/o attraction -ia condition	An abnormal sexual attraction to objects, situations, or individuals that is not part of normal stimulation.
pedophilia	ped/o child phil/o attraction -ia condition	Sexual preference, either in fantasy or actuality, for children as a means of achieving sexual excitement and gratification.
pyromania	pyr/o fire -mania condition of madness	Uncontrollable impulse to set fires.
schizoid personality disorder	schiz/o split -oid resembling, like	Condition in which the patient withdraws into a fantasy world, with little need for social interaction. Most patients have little capacity to experience pleasure or to express their feelings.
trichotillomania	trich/o hair till/o to pull -mania condition of madness	Uncontrollable impulse to pull one’s hair out by the roots.

Condition of subaverage intellectual ability, with impairments in social and education functioning. The intelligence quotient (IQ) is a measure of an individual’s intellectual functioning compared with the general population.
Term	Word Origin	Definition
mild mental retardation		IQ range of 50-55 to 70; learning difficulties result.
moderate mental retardation		IQ range of 35-40 to 50-55; support needed to function in society.
profound mental retardation		IQ less than 20-25; severe self-care limitations.
severe mental retardation		IQ range of 20-25 to 35-40; continuous need for support to live in society.

Term	Word Origin	Definition
Asperger’s syndrome		Disorder characterized by impairment of social interaction and repetitive patterns of inappropriate behavior. Often considered a high-functioning form of autism.
autistic disorder		Condition of abnormal development of social interaction, impaired communication, and repetitive behaviors. Also known as autism.
pervasive developmental disorders (PDD)		A group of disorders characterized by impaired communication and social interaction that includes autism, and Rett’s and Asperger’s syndromes. Not to be confused with specific developmental disorders (SDD) such as dyslexia and dyscalculia.
Rett’s syndrome		Condition characterized by initial normal functioning followed by loss of social and intellectual functioning. Usually diagnosed only in girls.

Term	Word Origin	Definition
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)		Series of syndromes that includes impulsiveness, inability to concentrate, and short attention span.
conduct disorder		Any of a number of disorders characterized by patterns of persistent aggressive and defiant behaviors.
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)		A type of conduct disorder that is characterized by hostile, disobedient behavior.

Exercise 4:

Disorders of Adult Personality and Behavior; Pervasive and Specific Developmental Disorders; Mental Retardation; Behavioral and Emotional Disorders with Onset Usually Occurring in Childhood and Adolescence

A. Match the terms with their definitions.

A condition in which the patient withdraws into a fantasy world, with little need for social interaction

B disorder in which patient shows a complete lack of interest in social obligations and antipathy toward others

C the uncontrollable urge to steal

D reliance on an object as a stimulus for sexual arousal and pleasure

E condition of abnormal development of social interaction, impaired communication, and repetitive behaviors

F disorder characterized by impulsive, unpredictable mood and self-image, resulting in unstable interpersonal relationships

G an abnormal sexual attraction to objects, situations, or individuals that is not part of normal stimulation

H group of disorders characterized by impaired communication and social interaction

I disorder characterized by recurrent and unavoidable preoccupations or irresistible drive to perform specific rituals

J high-functioning form of autism

K sexual preference for children

L state in which the individual is suspicious, self-important, unforgiving, and has an extreme sense of personal rights

M disorder characterized by initial normal functioning followed by loss of social and intellectual functioning

B. Match the terms with their definitions.

Decode the terms.

8. pyromania _____________________________________________________________________________________

9. trichotillomania _________________________________________________________________________________

10. necrophilia _____________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5:

Mental Status Report

Using the mental status report above, answer the following questions:

1. What term indicates that the patient exhibited a normal range of emotions? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What term indicates that the patient exhibited generally appropriate emotional response? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. How do you know that the patient did not exhibit any persistent beliefs in things that are untrue? ________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What is her current diagnosis? __________________________________________________________________

Procedures

Mental health and behavioral disorders do not have the many anatomical structures, approaches, devices, and qualifiers that are found in the other body system chapters. There are, however, tests and treatments that are important to study, as well as cautionary information regarding the coordination of the classifications. Although not every term is explained, the following is a good overview of the terminology that will be encountered when coding charts for psychiatric diagnostic and therapeutic treatments.

Term	Word Origin	Definition
behavioral therapy		Therapeutic attempt to alter an undesired behavior by substituting a new response or set of responses to a given stimulus.
cognitive therapy		Wide variety of treatment techniques that attempts to help the individual alter inaccurate or unhealthy perceptions and patterns of thinking.
psychoanalysis	psych/o mind ana- up, apart -lysis breaking down	Behavioral treatment developed initially by Sigmund Freud to analyze and treat any dysfunctional effects of unconscious factors on a patient’s mental state. This therapy uses techniques that include analysis of defense mechanisms and dream interpretation.
psychodynamic therapy	psych/o mind dynam/o power -ic pertaining to	Treatment that is based on revealing the motivations of behavior from past emotional experience and using the knowledge to effect change.

Term	Word Origin	Definition
detoxification		Removal of a chemical substance (drug or alcohol) as an initial step in treatment of a chemically dependent patient.
pharmacotherapy	pharmac/o drug -therapy treatment	The use of medication to affect behavior and/or emotions. Medications used and coded are: nicotine replacement, methadone maintenance, levo-alpha-acetyl-methadol (LAAM), Antabuse, naltrexone, naloxone, clonidine, bupropion.

Term	Word Origin	Definition
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)	electr/o electricity con- together vuls/o to pull -ive pertaining to therapy treatment	Method of inducing convulsions to treat affective disorders in patients who have been resistant or unresponsive to drug therapy. Treatment may include one or both hemispheres of the brain.
hypnosis	hypn/o sleep -sis state of, condition	The induction of an altered state of consciousness to change an unwanted behavior or emotional response.
light therapy		Exposure of the body to light waves to treat patients with depression due to seasonal fluctuations (SAD) (Fig. 12-4). Sometimes called phototherapy.
narcosynthesis	narc/o sleep, stupor -synthesis bring together	The use of intravenous barbiturates to elicit repressed memories or thoughts.

Exercise 7:

Procedures

Fill in the blanks with the following terms.

cognitive therapy

ECT

behavioral therapy

light therapy

psychoanalysis

narcosynthesis

1. Patients are treated with __________________________ when an attempt is made to replace maladjusted patterns with a new response to a given stimulus.

2. What type of therapy uses exposure of the body to light waves to treat patients with depression caused by seasonal fluctuations? _________________________________________________________________

3. What is a method of inducing convulsions to treat affective disorders in patients who have been resistant or unresponsive to drug therapy? _______________________________________________________

4. What therapy is used to analyze and treat any dysfunctional effects of unconscious factors on a patient’s mental state? __________________________________________________________________________

5. What are any of the various methods of treating mental and emotional disorders that help a person change attitudes, perceptions, and patterns of thinking? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What is the use of intravenous barbiturates to elicit repressed memories or thoughts called? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Build the term.

7. treatment with drugs ___________________________________________________________________________

8. process of removal of poison ____________________________________________________________________

9. pertaining to power of the mind _________________________________________________________________

10. state of sleep ___________________________________________________________________________________

Pharmacology

A major part of treatment for behavioral disorders is the use of drug therapy. Various neurotransmitters may be out of balance in the brain, causing mental disorders. Many drugs have been developed to improve this balance and minimize symptoms of these disorders. The psychiatric medications described appear in the top 100 prescribed medications in the United States. Medications are continually being developed and reevaluated and are closely regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. Examples include the following:

antialcoholics: Discourage use of alcohol. Naltrexone (ReVia) can be used for alcohol and narcotic withdrawal. Disulfiram (Antabuse) is used to deter alcohol consumption.

antidepressants: Relieve symptoms of depressed mood. Many drug classes are available, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and some newer unclassified agents. Examples include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), mirtazapine (Remeron), bupropion (Wellbutrin), and venlafaxine (Effexor).

antipsychotics or neuroleptics: Control psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. Haloperidol (Haldol) and chlorpromazine (Thorazine) are examples of typical antipsychotics; olanzapine (Zyprexa) and risperidone (Risperdal) are examples of the newer atypical antipsychotics.

anxiolytics: Relieve symptoms of anxiety. These drugs are often used as sedatives or sedative-hypnotics as well. Examples are lorazepam (Ativan), buspirone (BuSpar), and alprazolam (Xanax).

cholinesterase inhibitors: Combat the cognitive deterioration seen in disorders characterized by dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Also known as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs). Examples are donepezil (Aricept) and galantamine (Reminyl, Razadyne).

hypnotics: Promote sleep. Hypnotics, sedatives, sedative-hypnotics, and anxiolytics are often similar in effect and may be used interchangeably. Zolpidem (Ambien), zaleplon (Sonata), and flurazepam (Dalmane) are examples of hypnotics.

mood stabilizers: Balance neurotransmitters in the brain to reduce or prevent acute mood swings (mania or depression). Lithium (Lithobid) is the most well-known mood stabilizer. Some anticonvulsants such as valproic acid (Depakote) and lamotrigine (Lamictal) are also considered mood stabilizers.

NMDA receptor antagonists: Preserve cognitive function in patients suffering from progressive memory loss by blocking glutamate activity. Memantine (Namenda) is the only drug of this class currently used for this purpose.

sedatives and sedative-hypnotics: Exert a calming effect with or without inducing sleep. The most commonly used agents are benzodiazepines and barbiturates.

stimulants: Generally increase synaptic activity of targeted neurons to increase alertness. Examples include methylphenidate (Ritalin) and caffeine.

A discourages use of alcohol

B increases CNS synaptic activity

C relieves symptoms of depression

D reduces anxiety

E improves cognition from effects of dementia

F promotes sleep

G prevents acute mood swings

H calms and relaxes

Abbreviations

Abbreviation	Meaning
ADHD	attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
APA	American Psychiatric Association
BP, BD	bipolar disorder
BPD	borderline personality disorder
CBC	complete blood count
CT	computed tomography
DAP	Draw-a-Person Test
DSM	Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DTs	delirium tremens
ECT	electroconvulsive therapy
GAD	generalized anxiety disorder
GAF	Global Assessment of Functioning Scale
HIV	human immunodeficiency virus
IQ	intelligence quotient
MHA-TP	microhemagglutination assay for Treponema pallidum
MMPI	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
MR	mental retardation
MRI	magnetic resonance imaging
MSE	mental status examination
NCSE	Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination
OCD	obsessive-compulsive disorder
ODD	oppositional defiant disorder
OCPD	obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
PD	panic disorder
PDD	pervasive developmental disorder
PET	positron emission tomography
PTSD	post-traumatic stress disorder
RPR	rapid plasma reagin
SAD	seasonal affective disorder
SDD	specific developmental disorders
TAT	Thematic Apperception Test
WAIS	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
WISC	Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Go to Evolve to interactively:

• Study mental and behavioral disorder word parts with Match the Word Parts.

• Practice building mental and behavioral disorder terms with WordShop.

• Categorize mental and behavioral disorder terms with Term Sorting.

• Play Medical Millionaire and Tournament of Terminology.

Exercise 9:

Progress Note

Using the progress note above, answer the following questions:

1. The Impression section notes that the patient has panic disorder. What is the meaning of the term? ________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What disorder does her son have? What are its manifestations? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Sherilyn is diagnosed with a disorder in which the mood may be described as an “anticipation of impending danger and dread accompanied by restlessness, tension, tachycardia, and breathing difficulty not associated with an apparent stimulus.” What is it? ____________________________________

4. What is somnambulism? _________________________________________________________________________

Chapter Review

Match the word parts to their definitions.

Word Part Definitions

Prefix/Suffix	Definition
*acro-*	1. ______________ condition of babbling

agora-

2. ______________ condition of madness

an-

3. ______________ no, not, without

cata-

4. ______________ condition of sensitivity, fear

eu-

5. ______________ condition of mind

-ism

6. ______________ marketplace

-kinesis

7. ______________ good, well

-lalia

8. ______________ resembling, like

-mania

9. ______________ down

-oid

10. ______________ condition

para-

11. ______________ heights

-phobia

12. ______________ movement

-thymia

13. ______________ abnormal

Combining Form Definition anthrop/o

14. ______________ pleasure

calcul/o

15. ______________ recurring

claustr/o

16. ______________ appetite

cycl/o

17. ______________ mind

hedon/o

18. ______________ body

hypn/o

19. ______________ man

klept/o

20. ______________ woman

ment/o

21. ______________ dream

nymph/o

22. ______________ pole

oneir/o

23. ______________ mind

orex/o

24. ______________ to steal

ped/o

25. ______________ stone

phil/o

26. ______________ sleep

phor/o

27. ______________ sleep

phren/o

28. ______________ mind

pol/o

29. ______________ attraction

psych/o

30. ______________ fire

pyr/o

31. ______________ a closing

somat/o

32. ______________ to carry, to bear

somn/o

33. ______________ child

Wordshop

Prefixes	Combining Forms	Suffixes
*acro-*	*ambul/o*	*-ia*
*agora-*	*calcul/o*	*-ism*
*an-*	*cycl/o*	*-kinesis*
*dys-*	*gyn/e*	*-lalia*
*echo-*	*hedon/o*	*-mania*
*hyper-*	*hypn/o*	*-osis*
	*oneir/o*	*-phobia*
	*phren/o*	*-sis*
	*psych/o*	*-thymia*
	*pyr/o*
	*schiz/o*
	*somn/o*
	*till/o*
	*trich/o*