21 Human development
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| 1. Neonates prefer face shapes. |  |
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| 2. The onset of puberty differs by 4–5 years between boys and girls. |  |
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| 3. Adolescent peer culture is largely in opposition to parental values. |  |
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| 4. Maternal ambivalence about the pregnancy may hinder bonding. |  |
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| 5. Indiscriminate attention-seeking in a 6-month-old infant suggests insecure attachment. |  |
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| 6. According to Ainsworth’s Strange Situation procedure, a 15-month-old baby not becoming upset when the mother leaves indicates secure attachment. |  |
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| 7. In an 18-month-old child, a puzzled expression when the mother _re-enters the room during the Strange Situation procedure is a sign of insecure attachment. |  |
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| 8. Subsequent to psychological trauma, children demonstrate strengthened attachments. |  |
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| 9. Child abuse is associated with increased attachment behaviour. |  |
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| 10. Attachment behaviour depends mainly on parental reinforcement. |  |
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| 11. A child comfortably playing with a stranger in the absence of the mother suggests insecure attachment. |  |
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| 12. Insecure attachment is associated with non-accidental injuries. |  |
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| 13. Secure attachment is easier if the child is adopted rather than institutionalized. |  |
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| 14. Disruptions in childcare have their greatest effects from 9 to 36 months of age. |  |
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| 15. Children with insecure attachment may show disinhibited behaviour. |  |
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| 16. Insecure attachment may be evidenced by the child showing little or no emotion when the attachment figure returns. |  |
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| 17. Those who were securely attached in childhood show better social skills in adulthood. |  |
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| 18. Attachment behaviour precedes object constancy. |  |
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| 19. Object constancy occurs before the onset of stranger anxiety. |  |
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| 20. Object constancy and separation anxiety appear together. |  |
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| 21. Moral development shows a gender difference. |  |
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| 22. Piaget’s theory of conservation states that a child cannot reverse his action. |  |
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| 23. In Piaget’s model, sensory information is received according to cognitive schemes. |  |
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| 24. According to Piaget’s theory, experiences are stored as personal constructs. |  |
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| 25. When a child is hospitalized, complete separation causes less disturbance than repeated visiting in the hospital. |  |
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ANSWERS
1. Neonates prefer face shapes.
True: It has long been known that preference for and tracking of face shapes is present at 4 days. More recently preference for face shapes has been demonstrated in neonates as young as 43 minutes of age. However, neonates cannot discriminate a static face from an equally complex pattern (Gross 2001, p. 235).
2. The onset of puberty differs by 4–5 years between boys and girls.
False: Age of onset of puberty in boys is between 10 and 14 years (mean = 13).
Girls enter puberty on average 12–18 months earlier than boys, i.e. between 8 and 13 years (mean = 11). Thus, the mean difference is only 2 years (Gross 2001, p. 534; Sadock & Sadock 2005, p. 3038).
