Glaucoma: Acute (Angle Closure) and Chronic (Open Angle)

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Chapter 168 Glaucoma

Acute (Angle Closure) and Chronic (Open Angle)

image General Considerations

Glaucoma refers to increased intraocular pressure (IOP) as a result of an imbalance between production and outflow of the aqueous humor. Obstruction to outflow is the main factor responsible for this imbalance in closed-angle glaucoma. Acute glaucoma can occur only with the closure of a preexisting narrow anterior chamber angle, while in chronic open-angle glaucoma the anterior chamber appears normal.

In the United States, approximately 3 million people have glaucoma, which is undetected in 25% of them.1 The chronic open-angle type, for which there appears to be no consistent anatomic basis, accounts for 70% to 75% of these cases. Histologically, however, there is a strong correlation between the content and composition of collagen and the glaucomatous eye.2

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body, including the eye. In the eye it provides tensile strength and integrity to the tissues (e.g., cornea, sclera, lamina cribrosa, trabecular meshwork, vitreous). Inborn errors of collagen metabolism (e.g., osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome) are often associated with ocular complications: glaucoma, myopia, retinal detachment, ectopia lentis, and blue sclera.3 Morphologic changes in the lamina cribrosa (the scleral area that is pierced by the optic nerve fibers and blood vessels), trabecular meshwork (the connective tissue network through which aqueous humor must pass to reach the canal of Schlemm), and papillary blood vessels in the eye have all been observed in glaucomatous eyes.2,46 These changes may result in elevated IOP readings or, perhaps more significantly, lead to the progression of peripheral visual loss. Changes in collagen structure would explain the following2,46:

In some cases glaucoma develops in people with normal IOP. Referred to as low-tension glaucoma or normotensive glaucoma, this form accounts for approximately 25% to 30% of all cases of glaucoma in the United States. Because elevated IOP is not a factor in normal-tension glaucoma, other factors must be responsible for the optic nerve damage. Suggested causes include:

Normotensive glaucoma is more common in women than in men and affects adults averaging 60 years of age. A common risk factor for normotensive glaucoma is low blood pressure.