G
GENTIAN
Botanical Name: | Gentiana lutea |
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Family: | Gentianaceae |
Plant Part Used: | Root |
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Actions | Bitter tonic, gastric stimulant, sialagogue, cholagogue | |
Potential Indications |
Based on appropriate evaluation of the patient, practitioners should consider prescribing gentian in formulations in the context of:
• Stimulating gastric secretion, bile release from the gallbladder, bile production by the liver (4)
• Loss of appetite,* dyspepsia,* asthenia, coated tongue, postprandial bloating, in combination with rhubarb (3)
• Stimulating gastric secretion, constipation, flatulence, abdominal fullness,* itching of skin, in combination with rhubarb, cascara, and boldo (3)
|
* Gentian has also been used in traditional herbal medicine. ESCOP recommends gentian for treating appetite loss and dyspepsia. The Commission E also recommends gentian for abdominal fullness and flatulence. (4,5)
** This dose range is extrapolated from the British Pharmaceutical Codex 1934, the British Pharmacopoeia 1932, and the author’s education and experience.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
1 Blumenthal M, et al, editors. The complete German Commission E monographs: therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council, 1998.
2 Scientific Committee of the European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy [ESCOP]. ESCOP monographs: Gentianae radix. Argyle House, Gandy Street, Exeter, Devon, EX4 3LS, United Kingdom: European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy, ESCOP Secretariat, July 1997.
3 Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King’s American dispensatory, ed 18. Portland: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1905. rev 3, reprinted 1983
4 British Herbal Medicine Association’s Scientific Committee. British herbal pharmacopoeia. Bournemouth: BHMA, 1983.
5 Gebhardt R. Pharm Pharmacol Lett. 1997;7(2-3):106-108.
6 Kazakov BN. Cited in Scientific Committee of ESCOP: ESCOP monographs: Gentianae radix. Argyle House, Gandy Street, Exeter, Devon, EX4 3LS, United Kingdom: European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy, ESCOP Secretariat, July 1997.
7 Leslie GB. Medita. 1978;8:31-47.
8 Moorhead LD. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1915;7:577-589.
9 Chibanguza G, Marz R, Sterner W. Arzneim Forsch. 1984;34(1):32-36.
10 Goetzl FR. Drug Stand. 1956;24:111.
11 Zimmerman W, Gaisbauer G, Gaisbauer M. Z Phytother. 1986;7:59-64.
12 Borgia M, et al. Curr Ther Res. 1981;29(3):525-536.
GINGER
Botanical Name: | Zingiber officinale |
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Family: | Zingiberaceae |
Plant Part Used: | Rhizome |
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Actions | Carminative, antiemetic, peripheral circulatory stimulant, spasmolytic, antiinflammatory, antiplatelet, diaphoretic, digestive stimulant, pungent | |
Potential Indications |
* This dose range is extrapolated from the British Pharmaceutical Codex 1934, the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1983, the British Pharmacopoeia 1975, and the author’s education and experience.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Except when specifically referenced, the following book was referred to in the compilation of the pharmacologic and clinical informationMills S, Bone K. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
1 British Herbal Medicine Association’s Scientific Committee. British herbal pharmacopoeia. Bournemouth: BHMA, 1983.
2 Felter HW. The eclectic materia medica, pharmacology and therapeutics. Portland: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1922. reprinted 1983
3 Grieve M. A modern herbal. New York: Dover Publications, 1971.
4 Pharmacopoeia Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, English ed. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 1997.
5 Ernst E, Pittler MH. Br J Anaesth. 2000;84(3):367-371.
6 Jewell D, Young G. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2):2000. CD000145
7 Ribenfeld D, Borzone L. Healthnotes Rev Complement Integr Med. 1999;6(2):98.
8 Eden J: Medical Observer July 21, 2000.
9 Lien HC, Sun WM: Digestive Disease Week 2000, San Diego, May 20-24, 2000.
10 Careddu P. HealthNotes Rev. 1999;6:102-107.
11 Bliddal H, et al. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2000;8(1):9-12.
12 Altman RD, Marcussen KC. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(11):2531-2538.
13 Micklefield GH, et al. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999;37(7):341-346.
14 Verma SK, Bordia A. Indian J Med Sci. 2001;55(2):83-86.
15 Blumenthal M, et al, editors. The complete German Commission E monographs: therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council, 1998.
16 Scientific Committee of the European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy [ESCOP]. ESCOP monographs: Zingiberis rhizoma. Argyle House, Gandy Street, Exeter, Devon, EX4 3LS, United Kingdom: European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy, ESCOP Secretariat, March 1996.
GINKGO
Botanical Name: | Ginkgo biloba |
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Family: | Ginkgoaceae |
Plant Part Used: | Leaf |
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Actions | Antioxidant, antiplatelet activating factor (anti-PAF) activity, tissue perfusion enhancing, circulatory stimulant, cognition enhancing, neuroprotective | |
Potential Indications |
Based on appropriate evaluation of the patient, practitioners should consider prescribing Ginkgo in formulations in the context of:
• Cerebral insufficiency (restricted cerebral blood flow) and its related symptoms, such as memory and cognitive impairment, dizziness, tinnitus, acute cochlear deafness, headaches, anxiety and depression, and fatigue (1,4)
• Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (Fontaine stage II [intermittent claudication] or stage III) (1,4)
|
* This dose range is based on those used in clinical trials.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Except when specifically referenced, the following book was referred to in the compilation of the pharmacologic and clinical informationMills S, Bone K. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
1 Davydov L, Stirling AL. J Herbal Pharmacother. 2001;1(3):65-69.
2 Soholm B. Adv Ther. 1998;15(1):54-65.
3 Le Bars PL, Kieser M, Itil KZ. Dement Geriatr Cogn Discord. 2000;11(4):230-237.
4 Wettstein A. Phytomed. 2000;6(6):393-401.
5 van Dongen MC, et al. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(10):1183-1194.
6 Cockle SM, Kimber S, Hindmarch I. Phytomed. 2000;7(supp 2):21.
7 Mix JA, Crews WD. J Altern Complement Med. 2000;6(3):219-229.
8 Rigney U, Kimber S, Hindmarch I. Phytother Res. 1999;13(5):408-415.
9 Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Psychopharmacology. 2000;151(4):416-423.
10 Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Phytomed. 2000;7(supp 2):21.
11 Stough C, et al. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001;4(2):131-134.
12 Wesnes KA, et al. Psychopharmacology. 2000;152(4):353-361.
13 Pittler MH, Ernst E. Am J Med. 2000;108(4):276-281.
14 Ernst E, Stevinson C. Clin Otoloaryngol. 1999;24(3):164-167.
15 Drew S, Davies E. BMJ. 2001;322(7278):73-75.
16 Cesarani A, et al. Adv Ther. 1998;15(5):291-304.
17 Lingaerde O, Foreland AR, Magnusson A. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999;100(1):62-66.
18 Hemmeter U, et al. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;34(2):50-59.
19 Chung HS, et al. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 1999;15(3):233-240.
20 Kudolo G. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001;7(3):105.
21 Blumenthal M, et al, editors. The complete German Commission E monographs: therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council, 1998.
GLOBE ARTICHOKE
Botanical Name: | Cynara scolymus |
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Family: | Compositae |
Plant Part Used: | Leaf |
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Actions | Hepatoprotective, hepatic trophorestorative, choleretic, cholagogue, bitter tonic, hypocholesterolemic, antiemetic, diuretic, depurative | |
Potential Indications |
Based on appropriate evaluation of the patient, practitioners should consider prescribing globe artichoke in formulations in the context of:
|
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Except when specifically referenced, the following book was referred to in the compilation of the pharmacologic and clinical informationMills S, Bone K. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
1 Felter HW. The eclectic materia medica, pharmacology and therapeutics. Portland: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1922. reprinted 1983
2 Leclerc H. Precis de phytotherapie, ed 5. Paris: Masson, 1983.
3 Rocchietta S. Minerva Med. 1959;50:612-618.
4 Englisch W, et al. Arzneim Forsch. 2000;50:260-265.
5 Walker AF, Middleton RW, Petrowicz O. Phytother Res. 2001;15(1):58-61.
6 Blumenthal M, et al, editors. The complete German Commission E monographs: therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council, 1998.
GOAT’S RUE
Botanical Name: | Galega officinalis |
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Family: | Leguminosae |
Plant Part Used: | Aerial parts |
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Actions | Hypoglycemic, antidiabetic, galactagogue | |
Potential Indications |
* This dose range is extrapolated from the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1983 and the author’s education and experience.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
1 Keeler RF, et al. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1986;28(4):309-315.
2 Keeler RF, Baker DC, Evans JO. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1988;30(5):420-423.
3 British Herbal Medicine Association’s Scientific Committee. British herbal pharmacopoeia. Bournemouth: BHMA, 1983.
4 Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King’s American dispensatory, ed 18. Portland: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1905. rev 3, reprinted 1983
5 Bisset NG, editor. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. Stuttgart: Medpharm Scientific Publishers, 1994.
6 E-MIMS, version 4.00.0457, St. Leonard’s, NSW, Australia, 2000, MIMS Australia.
7 Palit P, Furman BL, Gray AI. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999;51(11):1313-1319.
8 Neef H, Declercq HN, Laekeman G. Phytother Res. 1995;9(1):45-48.
9 Petricic J, Kalodera Z. Acta Pharm Jugosl. 1982;32(3):219-223.
10 Pundarikakshudu K, Gray AI, Furman BL. Fitoterapia. 1994;65(5):423-426.
11 Sendrail M, et al. La semaine des Hopitaux. 1961;37:389.
12 Neef H, et al. Pharm Pharmacol Lett. 1996;6(2):86-89.
13 Atanasov AT, Spasov V. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;69(3):235-240.
14 Atanasov AT, Spasov V. Folia Med. 1999;41(1):46-50.
15 Atanasov AT. Phytother Res. 1994;8(5):314-316.
16 Atanasov AT. Bulgarian Med. 1993;1:17-20.
17 Atanasov AT. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 1995;3(3):71.
18 Leclerc H. Presse Med. 1928;36:1634.
GOLDEN ROD
Botanical Name: | Solidago virgaurea |
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Family: | Compositae |
Plant Part Used: | Aerial parts |
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Actions | Antiinflammatory, diaphoretic, diuretic, anticatarrhal | |
Potential Indications |
Based on appropriate evaluation of the patient, practitioners should consider prescribing golden rod in formulations in the context of:
|
* This dose range is extrapolated from the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1983 and the author’s education and experience.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
1 Zeller W, de Gols M, Hausen BM. Arch Dermatol Res. 1985;277(1):28-35.
2 Schatzle M, Agathos M, Breit R. Contact Dermatitis. 1998;39(5):271-272.
3 Blumenthal M, et al, editors. The complete German Commission E monographs: therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council, 1998.
4 British Herbal Medicine Association’s Scientific Committee. British herbal pharmacopoeia. Bournemouth: BHMA, 1983.
5 Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King’s American dispensatory, ed 18. Portland: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1905. rev 3, reprinted 1983
6 Vogel VJ. American Indian medicine. Norman, Okla: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.
7 Klein-Galczinsky C. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1999;149(8-10):248-253.
8 Strehl E, et al. Arzneim Forsch. 1995;45(2):174-176.
9 el-Ghazaly M, et al. Arzneim Forsch. 1992;42(3):333-336.
10 Meyer B, et al. Arzneim Forsch. 1995;45(2):174-176.
11 Melzig MF, et al. Z Phytother. 2000;21(2):67-70.
12 Chodea A, et al. Acta Pol Pharm. 1991;48(5-6):35-37.
13 Schilcher H. Dtsch Apoth Ztg. 1984;124:2429-2436.
14 Schilcher H, Rau H. Urologe B. 1988;28:274-280.
15 Westendorf J, Vahlensieck W. Arzneim Forsch. 1981;31(1):40-43.
16 Hiller K, Bader G: 4th International Congress on Phytotherapy, Munich, Sept 10-13, 1992, Abstract SL 18.
17 Bader G, et al. Pharmazie. 2000;55(1):72-74.
18 Pepeljnjak S, et al. Pharm Pharmacol Lett. 1998;8(2):85-86.
19 Pepeljnjak S et al: International Congress and 48th Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant Research and the 6th International Congress on Ethnopharmacology of the International Society for Ethnopharmacology, Zurich, September 3-7, 2000; Abstract P2A/74.
20 Plohmann B, et al. Pharmazie. 1997;52(12):953-957.
21 Bruhwiler K et al: 4th International Congress on Phytotherapy, Munich, September 10-13, 1992; Abstract SL 20.
22 Ernst E, Chrubasik S. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2000;26(1):13-27.
23 Bach D, et al. Forsch Med. 1983;101(8):337-342.
24 Scientific Committee of ESCOP (European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy). ESCOP Monographs: Solidaginis virgaureae herba. Exter, UK: ESCOP, March 1996.
GOLDEN SEAL
Other Common Names: | Hydrastis, goldenseal |
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Botanical Name: | Hydrastis canadensis |
Family: | Ranunculaceae |
Plant Part Used: | Root and rhizome |
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Actions | Antihemorrhagic, anticatarrhal, mucous membrane trophorestorative, antimicrobial, antibacterial, bitter tonic, antiinflammatory, depurative, vulnerary, choleretic, reputed oxytocic | |
Potential Indications |
* This dose range is extrapolated from the British Pharmaceutical Codex 1934, the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1983, the British Herbal Compendium 1992, and the author’s education and experience.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Except when specifically referenced, the following book was referred to in the compilation of the pharmacologic and clinical information that has not been referenced in this monographMills S, Bone K. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
1 Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King’s American dispensatory, ed 18. Portland: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1905. rev 3, reprinted 1983
2 British Herbal Medicine Association’s Scientific Committee. British herbal pharmacopoeia. Bournemouth: BHMA, 1983.
3 Vogel VJ. American Indian medicine. Norman, Okla: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.
GOTU KOLA
Other Common Name: | Indian pennywort |
Botanical Names: | Centella asiatica, Hydrocotyle asiatica# |
Family: | Umbelliferae |
Plant Part Used: | Aerial parts |
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Actions | Vulnerary, antiinflammatory, depurative, adaptogenic, nervine tonic | |
Potential Indications |
* This dose range is extrapolated from the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1983. Higher relative doses of the triterpene fraction have been used in most clinical trials.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
1 Hausen BM. Contact Dermatitis. 1993;29(4):175-179.
2 British Herbal Medicine Association’s Scientific Committee. British herbal pharmacopoeia. Bournemouth: BHMA, 1983.
3 Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King’s American dispensatory, ed 18. Portland: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1905. rev 3, reprinted 1983
4 Chopra RN, et al. Chopra’s indigenous drugs of India, ed 2. Calcutta: Academic Publishers, 1958. reprinted 1982
5 Thakur RS, Puri HS, Husain A. Major medicinal plants of India. Lucknow, India: Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 1989.
6 Farnsworth NR, Bunyapraphatsara N, editors. Thai medicinal plants. Bangkok: Medicinal Plant Information Center, 1992.
7 Dharma AP. Indonesian medicinal plants. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1987.
8 Cambie RC, Ash J. Fijian medicinal plants. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing, 1994.
9 Pharmacopoeia Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, English ed. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 1997.
10 Chung CH, Li NH. Chinese medicinal herbs of Hong Kong: Chinese-English. Hong Kong: Shang wu yin shu kuan, 1978.
11 van Wyk B-E, van Oudtshoorn B, Gericke N. Medicinal plants of South Africa. Arcadia, South Africa: Briza Publications, 1997.
12 Wagner H, Bladt S. Plant drug analysis: a thin layer chromatography atlas, ed 2. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1996.
13 Gunther B, Wagner H. Phytomed. 1996;3(1):59-65.
14 Yoosook C, et al. Phytomed. 2000;6(6):411-419.
15 Widgerow AD, et al. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2000;24(3):227-234.
16 Maquart FX, et al. Eur J Dermatol. 1999;9(4):289-296.
17 Poizot A, Dumez D. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1978;286(10):789-792.
18 Sunilkumar, Parameshwaraiah S, Shivakumar HG. Indian J Exp Biol. 1998;36(6):569-572.
19 Suguna L, Sivakumar P, Chandrakasan G. Indian J Exp Biol. 1996;34(12):1208-1211.
20 Shukla A, et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;65(1):1-11.
21 Shukla A, Rasik AM, Dhawan BN. Phytother Res. 1999;13(1):50-54.
22 Chatterjee TK, et al. Indian J Exp Biol. 1992;30(10):889-891.
23 Tan PV, Njimi CK, Ayafor JF. Phytother Res. 1997;11:45-47.
24 Upadhyay SC, et al. Indian Drugs. 1991;25(6):388-389.
25 Sarma DNK, Khosa RL. Phytother Res. 1996;10:181-183.
26 Chen YJ, et al. Biol Pharm Bull. 1999;22(7):703-706.
27 Babu TD, Kuttan G, Padikkala J. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;48(1):53-57.
28 Diwan PV, Karwande I, Singh AK. Fitoterapia. 1991;62(3):253-257.
29 de Lucia R, Sertie JAA. Fitoterapia. 1997;68(5):413-416.
30 Sakina MR, Dandiya PC. Fitoterapia. 1990;61(4):291-296.
31 Nalini K, Aroor AR. Fitoterapia. 1992;63(3):232-237.
32 Cesarone MR, et al. Minerva Cardioangiol. 1994;42(6):299-304.
33 Belcaro GV, Grimaldi R, Guidi G. Angiology. 1990;41(7):533-540.
34 Belcaro G, et al. Curr Ther Res. 1989;46:1015-1026.
35 Belcaro GV, Rulo A, Grimaldi R. Angiology. 1990;41(1):12-18.
36 Cesarone MR, et al. Angiology. 2001;52(supp 2):S49-S54.
37 Pointel JP, et al. Angiology. 1987;38(1, pt 1):46-50.
38 Capelli R. Giorn Ital Angiol. 1983;1:44-48.
39 Monteverde A, et al. Acta Therapeut. 1987;13:629-636.
40 Cospite M, et al. Giorn Ital Angiol. 1984;4(3):200-205.
41 Allegra C. Clin Ter. 1984;110(6):555-559.
42 Arpaia MR, et al. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1990;10(4):229-233.
43 Montecchio GP, et al. Haematologica. 1991;76(3):256-259.
44 Guarerio F, et al. Giorn Ital Angiol. 1986;6(1):46-52.
45 Shin HS, et al. Korean J Gastroenterol. 1982;14:49-56.
46 Rhee JC, Choi KW. Korean J Gastroenterol. 1981;13:35-40.
47 Chung JM, Chung KS. Korean J Gastroenterol. 1981;13:41.
48 Fam A. Int Surg. 1973;58(7):451-452.
49 Mayall RC, et al. Rev Bras Med. 1975;32:26-29.
50 Huriez CL, Martin P. Lille Med. 1972;44(9):463-464.
51 Bourguignon D. Gaz Med Fr. 1975;82:4579-4583.
52 Hachen A, Bourgoin JY. Med Prat. 1979;738(suppl):7.
53 Bosse JP, et al. Ann Plast Surg. 1979;3(1):13-21.
54 Darnis F, et al. Sem Hop. 1979;55(37-38):1749-1750.
55 Appa Rao MVR, Srinivasan K, Koteswara Rao T. J Res Indian Med. 1973;8(4):9-15.
56 Singh RH, Shukla SP, Misra BK. J Res Ayurv Siddha. 1981;2(1):1-10.
57 Appa Rao MVR, et al. J Res Indian Med. 1967;2:79-85.
58 Appa Rao MVR, et al. Nagarjun. 1969;12:33.
59 Herbert D, et al. Indian J Lepr. 1994;66(1):65-68.
60 Boiteau P, et al. Nature. 1949;163:258.
61 Kakkar KK. Indian Drugs. 1988;26(3):92-97.
62 Chakrabarty T, Deshmukh S. Sci Culture. 1976;11:573.
63 Frati Munari AC, et al. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 1979;36(2):201-214.
64 Sasaki S, Shinkai YA, Kishinara Y. Acta Derm Venereol. 1972;52(2):141-150.
65 Szczepanski A, Dabrowska H, Blaszczyk M. Przegl Dermatol. 1974;61(5):701-703.
66 Young GL, Jewell MD. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2):2000. CD000066
67 Allegra C, et al. Clin Terap. 1981;99(5):507-513.
68 Marastoni F, et al. Minerva Cardioangiol. 1982;4:201-207.
69 Natarajan S, Paily PP. Indian J Dermatol. 1973;18(4):82-85.
70 Apperti M, et al. Quad Chir Prat. 1982;3:115.
71 Nebout M. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1974;67(5):471-478.
72 Morisset R, Cote NG, Panisset JC. Phytother Res. 1987;1(3):117-121.
73 Boiteau P, Ratsimamanga AR. Bull Soc Sci Bretagne. 1959;34:307-315.
GREATER CELANDINE
Other Common Name: | Chelidonium |
Botanical Name: | Chelidonium majus |
Family: | Papaveraceae |
Plant Part Used: | Aerial parts |
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Actions | Choleretic, cholagogue, spasmolytic, mild laxative, antiinflammatory, antiviral (topically), vulnerary (topically) | |
Potential Indications |
Based on appropriate evaluation of the patient, practitioners should consider prescribing greater celandine in formulations in the context of:
|
* This dose range is extrapolated from the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1983 and the author’s education and experience.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Except when specifically referenced, the following book was referred to in the compilation of the pharmacological and clinical information that has not been referenced hereMills S, Bone K. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
1 de Smet PA, et al. BMJ. 1996;313(7049):92.
2 Greving I, et al. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 1998;7:S66-S69.
3 Benninger J, et al. Gastroenterol. 1999;117(5):1234-1237.
4 Strahl S, et al. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 1998;123(47):1410-1414.
5 Etxenagusia MA, Anda A, Gonzalez-Mahave I. Contact Dermatitis. 2000;43(1):47.
6 Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King’s American dispensatory, ed 18. Portland: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1905. rev 3, reprinted 1983
7 British Herbal Medicine Association’s Scientific Committee. British herbal pharmacopoeia. Bournemouth: BHMA, 1983.
8 Huang KC. The pharmacology of Chinese herbs. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1993.
9 Matos OC, et al. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;66(2):151-158.
10 Niederau C, Gopfert E. Med Klin. 1999;94(8):425-430.
11 Blumenthal M, et al, editors. The complete German Commission E monographs: therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council, 1998.
GRINDELIA
Botanical Names: | Grindelia camporum, Grindelia robusta+ |
Family: | Compositae |
Plant Part Used: | Aerial parts |
+ Medicinally interchangeable species.
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Actions | Expectorant, spasmolytic, bronchospasmolytic | |
Potential Indications | Based on appropriate evaluation of the patient, practitioners should consider prescribing Grindelia in formulations in the context of respiratory conditions marked by spasm, asthma, whooping cough, bronchitis, dry and irritable cough, and upper respiratory catarrh. (5) | |
Contraindications | None known. | |
Warnings and Precautions | None required. | |
Interactions | None known. | |
Use in Pregnancy and Lactation | No adverse effects expected. | |
Side Effects | None expected if taken within the recommended dose range. The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1983 notes that large doses are reported to cause renal irritation.1 This warning may be the result of the presence of saponins. | |
Dosage | Dose per day* | Dose per week* |
1.5-3.0 ml of 1:2 liquid extract | 10-20 ml of 1:2 liquid extract |
* This dose range is extrapolated from the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1983 and the author’s education and experience.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Traditional Prescribing |
• Bronchitis, asthma, upper respiratory catarrh, whooping cough; harsh and dry cough, difficult breathing resulting from heart disease1,2
Native Americans used Grindelia species for a variety of therapeutic purposes, including coughs, the common cold, tuberculosis, skin infections, and colic in children. The dried leaf and flowering tops of Grindelia were official in the USP from 1882 to 1926 and the NF from 1926 to 1960. Several species have been official under this name and have been used as sedatives, antispasmodics, expectorants, and as remedies for poison ivy, a liquid extract being used in the last case.3
|
Pharmacologic Research | The aerial parts of Grindelia contain resin and saponins. An antimicrobial activity has been demonstrated in vitro, which is not the result of the saponins but is at least partially caused by the resin fraction.4 |
Clinical Studies | No clinical studies using Grindelia have been found. |
1 British Herbal Medicine Association’s Scientific Committee. British herbal pharmacopoeia. Bournemouth: BHMA, 1983.
2 Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King’s American dispensatory, ed 18. Portland: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1905. rev 3, reprinted 1983
3 Vogel VJ. American Indian medicine. Norman, Okla: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.
4 Kreutzer S, Schimmer O, Waibel R. Planta Med. 1990;56(4):392-394.
GYMNEMA
Botanical Name: | Gymnema sylvestre |
Family: | Asclepiadaceae |
Plant Part Used: | Leaf |
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Actions | Antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, weight reducing | |
Potential Indications |
* This dose range is extrapolated from traditional Ayurvedic medicine1,3 and the author’s education and experience.
∧ Less may be needed if combined with other antidiabetic herbs. Some cases of diabetes will respond quickly, but best results come after 6 to 12 months of continuous use.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
1 Thakur RS, Puri HS, Husain A. Major medicinal plants of India. Lucknow, India: Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 1989.
2 Chopra RN, et al. Chopra’s indigenous drugs of India, ed 2. Calcutta: Academic Publishers, 1958. reprinted 1982
3 Kapoor LD. CRC handbook of Ayurvedic medicinal plants. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1990.
4 Hostettmann K, Marston A. Chemistry & pharmacology of natural products: saponins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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