Chapter 43 Emergency department haematology
COMMON HAEMATOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
Neutropenic sepsis
(Also see Chapter 42, ‘The immunocompromised patient’.)
Patients presenting with a fever above 38°C require urgent investigation and therapy.
Severe thrombocytopenia and bleeding
Severe bleeding with thrombocytopenia is not usually a problem until the platelet count is less than 10 × 109/L. When patients present with bleeding secondary to thrombocytopenia, an urgent assessment of the cause of the thrombocytopenia is necessary.
Differential diagnosis
1. Marrow failure, e.g. chemotherapy drugs, haematological malignancy etc. Such patients usually have a pancytopenia and a history of being given marrow suppressive therapy. Urgent platelet transfusion is indicated.
2. Peripheral destruction of platelets. This may be an autoimmune disorder (immune thrombocytopenic purpura or ITP) or less commonly an immune drug-related disorder. Heparin is a common drug cause for immune thrombocytopenia. Patients presenting with ITP may have no preceding history and have isolated thrombocytopenia. The disorder may be postviral and reversible in children but commonly chronic in adults. If there is any doubt about the diagnosis, a marrow biopsy is indicated. This will show a normal marrow with plentiful megakaryocytes. Urgent corticosteroids (prednisolone 1 mg/kg daily) are indicated for ITP with severe thrombocytopenia, especially with bleeding.
THE ANAEMIC PATIENT
Normocytic (normal MCV)
THE PATIENT WITH ABNORMAL BLEEDING
• past history of excessive bleeding with minor haemostatic insults, e.g. tooth extraction, minor surgery, minor trauma, childbirth
The usual screening tests are:
• coagulation disorder—prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT).
The following is a guide to the interpretation of these tests.