Emergency department haematology

Published on 14/03/2015 by admin

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Last modified 14/03/2015

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Chapter 43 Emergency department haematology

COMMON HAEMATOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES

Neutropenic sepsis

(Also see Chapter 42, ‘The immunocompromised patient’.)

Severe neutropenia is defined as a neutrophil count less than 0.5 × 109/L, but severe sepsis is unusual until the neutrophil count is less than 0.2 × 109/L. Causes for severe neutropenia include cancer chemotherapy drugs, agranulocytosis (an idiosyncratic reaction to an otherwise non-marrow suppressive drug) and haematological disorders causing marrow failure (acute and chronic leukaemias, myeloma, lymphoma, aplastic anaemia etc).

Patients presenting with a fever above 38°C require urgent investigation and therapy.

THE ANAEMIC PATIENT

Anaemia is defined as a reduced haemoglobin (Hb) concentration in the blood. The red cell mass and the plasma volume can affect this value, so both these factors must be considered when interpreting a single value. Thus, severe dehydration can produce an elevated Hb and increased plasma volume, such as in pregnancy, can produce a falsely low Hb.

The symptoms and signs of anaemia (pallor, fainting, lethargy and anorexia) are unreliable. Anaemia may be asymptomatic and detected only on a routine blood count. The cause of anaemia can be ascertained by a logical sequence of investigations as follows. This is based on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), which is part of an automated blood count.