Café au Lait Macule

• Seborrheic keratosis

• Multiple lentigines syndrome

• Lentigo

• Nevi

Calcification on Chest Radiograph

• Lung neoplasm (primary or metastatic)

• Silicosis

• Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

• Tuberculosis

• Histoplasmosis

• Disseminated varicella infection

• Mitral stenosis (end stage)

• Secondary hyperparathyroidism

Calcifications, Cutaneous

• Calcification, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia (CREST) syndrome

• Trauma

• Pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer

• Chronic renal failure

• Sarcoidosis

• Hyperparathyroidism

• Milk-alkali syndrome

• Hypervitaminosis D

• Panniculitis

• Idiopathic

• Iatrogenic (e.g., application of calcium alginate dressing to skin)

• Multiple myeloma

• Dermatomyositis

• Parasitic infections

• Leukemia

• Lymphoma

Calcium Stones

• Medications (e.g., antacids, loop diuretics, vitamin D, acetazolamide, glucocorticoids)

• Primary hyperparathyroidism

• Hypercalcemia from malignant disease

• Sarcoidosis

• Prolonged immobilization

• Hyperoxaluria (e.g., Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, chronic pancreatitis)

• Hyperuricosuria (e.g., hyperuricemia, excessive dietary purine, allopurinol, probenecid)

• Renal tubular acidosis

• Milk-alkali syndrome

• Thyrotoxicosis

• Hypocitraturia (e.g., metabolic acidosis, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia)

Candidiasis

• Tinea

• Eczema

• Seborrheic dermatitis

• Psoriasis

• Cellulitis

Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal

• Bacterial vaginosis

• Trichomoniasis

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

• Amphetamines and derivatives

• Cocaine

• Cyclic antidepressants

• PCP

• Phenothiazines

• Theophylline toxicity

Carcinoid Syndrome

• Idiopathic flushing

• Anxiety

• Menopause

• Hyperthyroidism

• Medications (e.g., niacin)

Cardiac Arrest, Nontraumatic ²⁷

• Cardiac (coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathies, structural abnormalities, valve dysfunction, arrhythmias)

• Respiratory (upper airway obstruction, hypoventilation, pulmonary embolism, asthma, COPD exacerbation, pulmonary edema)

• Circulatory (tension pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade, pulmonary embolism [PE], hemorrhage, sepsis)

• Electrolyte abnormalities (hypokalemia or hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia)

• Medications (tricyclic antidepressants, digoxin, theophylline, calcium channel blockers)

• Drug abuse (cocaine, heroin, amphetamines)

• Toxins (carbon monoxide, cyanide)

• Environmental (drowning/near-drowning, electrocution, lightning, hypothermia or hyperthermia, venomous snakes)

Cardiac Death, Sudden ¹

NONCARDIAC

• CNS hemorrhage

• Massive pulmonary embolus

• Drug overdose

• Hypoxia secondary to lung disease

• Aortic dissection or rupture

Cardiac Enlargement ¹⁵

CARDIAC CHAMBER ENLARGEMENT

• Chronic volume overload: mitral or aortic regurgitation, left-to-right shunt (patent ductus arteriosus [PDA], ventricular septal defect [VSD], arteriovenous [AV] fistula)

• Cardiomyopathy: ischemic, nonischemic

• Decompensated pressure overload: aortic stenosis, hypertension

• High-output states: severe anemia, thyrotoxicosis

• Bradycardia: severe sinus bradycardia, complete heart block

LEFT ATRIUM

• Left ventricular (LV) failure of any cause

• Mitral valve disease

• Myxoma

RIGHT VENTRICLE

• Chronic LV failure of any cause

• Chronic volume overload: tricuspid or pulmonic regurgitation, left-to-right shunt (atrial septal defect [ASD])

• Decompensated pressure overload: pulmonic stenosis, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, pulmonary artery hypertension: primary, secondary (pulmonary embolism [PE], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD])

RIGHT ATRIUM

• Right ventricular (RV) failure of any cause

• Tricuspid valve disease

• Myxoma

• Ebstein’s anomaly

MULTICHAMBER ENLARGEMENT

• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

• Acromegaly

• Severe obesity

PERICARDIAL DISEASE

• Pericardial effusion with or without tamponade

• Effusive constrictive disease

• Pericardial cyst, loculated effusion

PSEUDOCARDIOMEGALY

• Epicardial fat

• Chest wall deformity (pectus excavatum, straight back syndrome)

• Low lung volumes

• Anteroposterior (AP) chest radiograph

• Mediastinal tumor, cyst

Cardiac Murmurs

CONTINUOUS

• Patent ductus arteriosus

• Pulmonary arteriovenous (AV) fistula

Cardiac Tamponade

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

• Constrictive pericardial disease

• Restrictive cardiomyopathy

• Right ventricular infarction

• Pulmonary embolism

Cardioembolism

• Acute MI

• Atrial fibrillation

• Left ventricular aneurysm

• Valvular heart disease (e.g., rheumatic mitral valve disease, mitral valve prolapse)

• Dilated cardiomyopathy

• Atrial septal defect

• Patent foramen ovale

• Cardioversion for atrial fibrillation

• Infective endocarditis

• Atrial septal aneurysm

• Sick sinus syndrome and cardiac arrhythmias

• Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

• Prosthetic heart valves

• Atrial myxoma and other intracardiac tumors

• Cyanotic heart disease

• Balloon angioplasty

• Coronary artery bypass grafting

• Aneurysms of sinus of Valsalva

• Other: VVI pacing, ventricular support devices, heart transplantation, intracardiac defects with paradoxical embolism

Cardiogenic Shock

• Myocardial infarction

• Arrhythmias

• Pericardial effusion/tamponade

• Chest trauma

• Valvular heart disease

• Myocarditis

• Cardiomyopathy

• Congestive heart failure (CHF), end stage

Cardiomyopathy, Congestive

• Frank pulmonary disease

• Valvular dysfunction

• Pericardial abnormalities

• Coronary atherosclerosis

• Psychogenic dyspnea

Cardiomyopathy, Dilated

• Frank pulmonary disease

• Valvular dysfunction

• Pericardial abnormalities

• Coronary atherosclerosis

• Psychogenic dyspnea

Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic

• Coronary atherosclerosis

• Valvular dysfunction

• Pericardial abnormalities

• Chronic pulmonary disease

• Psychogenic dyspnea

Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive

• Coronary atherosclerosis

• Valvular dysfunction

• Pericardial abnormalities

• Chronic lung disease

• Psychogenic dyspnea

Carpal Tunnel

• Cervical radiculopathy

• Chronic tendinitis

• Vascular occlusion

• Reflex sympathetic dystrophy

• Osteoarthritis

• Other arthritides

• Other entrapment neuropathies

Cataracts

• Corneal lesions

• Retinal lesions, detached retina, tumors

• Vitreous disease, chronic inflammation

Cat-Scratch Disease

• Lymphogranuloma venereum

• Fungal diseases

• Benign and malignant tumors

• Tularemia

Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis

• Orbital cellulitis

• Internal carotid artery aneurysm

• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

• Migraine headache

• Allergic blepharitis

• Thyroid exophthalmos

Cavitary Lesion on Chest Radiograph ¹⁷

NECROTIZING INFECTIONS

• Bacteria: anaerobes, Staphylococcus aureus, enteric gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella species, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Rhodococcus, Actinomyces

• Mycobacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI)

• Bacteria-like: Nocardia species

• Fungi: Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces hominis, Aspergillus species, Mucor species

• Parasitic: Entamoeba histolytica, Echinococcus, Paragonimus westermani

CAVITARY INFARCTION

• Bland infarction (with or without superimposed infection)

• Lung contusion

SEPTIC EMBOLISM

• S. aureus, anaerobes, others

VASCULITIS

• Wegener’s granulomatosis, periarteritis

NEOPLASMS

• Bronchogenic carcinoma, metastatic carcinoma, lymphoma

MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS

• Cysts, blebs, bullae, or pneumatocele with or without fluid collections

• Sequestration

• Empyema with air-fluid level

• Bronchiectasis

Celiac Disease

• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

• Laxative abuse

• Intestinal parasitic infestations

• Other: irritable bowel syndrome, tropical sprue, chronic pancreatitis, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, cystic fibrosis (children), lymphoma, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, short bowel syndrome, Whipple’s disease

Cellulitis

• Erythrasma

• Septic arthritis

• DVT

• Peripheral vascular insufficiency

• Paget’s disease of the breast

• Thrombophlebitis

• Acute gout

• Psoriasis

• Candida intertrigo

Cerebral Infarction Secondary to Inherited Disorders

• Homocystinuria

• Marfan syndrome

• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

• Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome

• Pseudoxanthoma elasticum

• Fabry’s disease

Cerebrovascular Disease, Ischemic ⁴⁰

CARDIAC DISORDERS

• Rheumatic heart disease

• Mural thrombus

• Arrhythmias

• Mitral valve prolapse

• Prosthetic heart valve

• Endocarditis

• Myxoma

• Paradoxical embolus

HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS

• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

• Sickle cell disease

• Hypercoagulable states

• Polycythemia

• Thrombocytosis

• Leukocytosis

• Lupus anticoagulant

Cervical Cancer

• Cervical polyp

• Prolapsed uterine fibroid

• Preinvasive cervical lesions

• Neoplasia metastatic from a separate primary

Cervical Disk Disease

• Rotator cuff tendinitis

• Carpal tunnel syndrome

• Thoracic outlet syndrome

• Brachial neuritis

Cervical Dysplasia

• Metaplasia

• Hyperkeratosis

• Condyloma

• Microinvasive carcinoma

• Glandular epithelial abnormalities

• Adenocarcinoma in situ

• Metastatic tumor involvement of the cervix

Cervical Polyp

• Endometrial polyp

• Prolapsed myoma

• Retained products of conception

• Squamous papilloma

• Sarcoma

• Cervical malignant neoplasm

Cervicitis

• Carcinoma of the cervix

• Cervical erosion

• Cervical metaplasia

Chagas’ Disease

• Acute disease: early African trypanosomiasis, New World cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

• Chronic disease: idiopathic cardiomyopathy, idiopathic achalasia, congenital or acquired megacolon

Chancroid

• Syphilis

• Herpes simplex

• Lymphogranuloma venereum

• Granuloma inguinale

• Traumatic ulceration

• Behçet’s disease

• Crohn’s disease

Charcot’s Joint

• Osteomyelitis, cellulitis, abscess

• Infectious arthritis

• Osteoarthritis

• Rheumatoid and other inflammatory arthritides

Chest Pain, Children ⁴

GASTROINTESTINAL (LESS COMMON)

• Esophagitis (gastroesophageal reflux)

• Esophageal foreign body

• Esophageal spasm

• Cholecystitis

• Subdiaphragmatic abscess

• Perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome)

• Peptic ulcer disease

IDIOPATHIC (COMMON)

• Anxiety, hyperventilation

• Panic disorder

OTHER (LESS COMMON)

• Spinal cord or nerve root compression

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