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Published on 02/06/2015 by admin

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Babesiosis

• Ehrlichiosis

• Hepatic abscess

• Leptospirosis

• Salmonellosis, including typhoid fever

• Acute viral hepatitis

• Hemorrhagic fever

Bacillary Angiomatosis

• Pyogenic granuloma

• Angiokeratoma

• Kaposi’s sarcoma

Back Pain

• Trauma: injury to bone, joint, or ligament

• Mechanical: pregnancy, obesity, fatigue, scoliosis

• Degenerative: osteoarthritis

• Infections: osteomyelitis, subarachnoid or spinal abscess, TB, meningitis, basilar pneumonia

• Metabolic: osteoporosis, osteomalacia

• Vascular: leaking aortic aneurysm, subarachnoid or spinal hemorrhage/infarction

• Neoplastic: myeloma; Hodgkin’s disease; carcinoma of pancreas; metastatic neoplasm from breast, prostate, lung

• GI: penetrating ulcer, pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

• Renal: hydronephrosis, calculus, neoplasm, renal infarction, pyelonephritis

• Hematologic: sickle cell crisis, acute hemolysis

• Gynecologic: neoplasm of uterus or ovary, dysmenorrhea, salpingitis, uterine prolapse

• Inflammatory: ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter’s syndrome

• Lumbosacral strain

• Psychogenic: malingering, hysteria, anxiety

• Endocrine: adrenal hemorrhage or infarction

Baker’s Cyst

• Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

• Popliteal aneurysms

• Lymphadenopathy

• Varicosities

Balanitis

• Leukoplakia

• Reiter’s syndrome

• Lichen planus

• Balanitis xerotica obliterans

• Carcinoma of the penis

• Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Ballism ^*

• Cerebral infarction or hemorrhage

• Medications (e.g., dopamine agonists, phenytoin)

• CNS neoplasm (primary or metastatic)

• Nonketotic hyperosmolar state

Bartter’s Syndrome

• Diuretic abuse

• Surreptitious vomiting

• Gitelman’s syndrome

• Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia

• Hyperprostaglandin E syndrome

Basophilia

• Inflammatory processes

• Polycythemia vera

• Hodgkin’s lymphoma

• Hemolytic anemia

• Post splenectomy

• Myeloid metaplasia

Becker’s Nevus

• Congenital melanocytic nevus

• Postinflammatory pigmentation

• Nevus spilus

• Café au lait macule

Bell’s Palsy

• Neoplasms affecting the base of the skull or the parotid gland

• Bacterial infectious process (meningitis, otitis media, osteomyelitis of the base of the skull)

• Brainstem stroke

• Multiple sclerosis

• Sarcoidosis

• Head trauma with fracture of temporal bone

• Other: Guillain-Barré syndrome, carcinomatous or leukemic meningitis, leprosy, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome

Bipolar Disorder

• Secondary manias caused by medical disorder (e.g., renal disease, AIDS, stroke, digoxin toxicity) are frequent.

• Onset of mania after the age of 40 years is suggestive of secondary mania.

• Less severe, and probably distinct, conditions of bipolar type II and cyclothymia are possible.

• Cross-sectional examination of acutely manic patient can be confused with schizophreniform or paranoid psychosis.

Bites and Stings, Insect

• Stings: cellulitis, bites

• Bites: stings, cellulitis

Bites, Snake

• Harmless snakebite

• Scorpion bite

• Insect bite

• Laceration or puncture wound

NOTE: Harmless snakebites are usually characterized by four rows of small scratches (teeth in upper jaw) separated from two rows of scratches (teeth in lower jaw). This is in distinction to venomous snakebites, which should have puncture wounds produced by the snake’s fangs, whether other teeth marks are noted.

Bite Wounds

• Bite from a rabid animal (often the attack is unprovoked)

• Factitious injury

Bladder Cancer

• Urinary tract infection

• Frequency-urgency syndrome

• Interstitial cystitis

• Stone disease

• Endometriosis

• Neurogenic bladder

Bleeding, Lower GI

(ORIGINATING BELOW THE LIGAMENT OF TREITZ)

Small Intestine

• Ischemic bowel disease (mesenteric thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, trauma)

• Small bowel neoplasm: leiomyomas, carcinoids

• Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome)

• Meckel’s diverticulum and other small intestine diverticula

• Aortoenteric fistula

• Intestinal hemangiomas: blue rubber bleb nevi, intestinal hemangiomas, cutaneous vascular nevi

• Hamartomatous polyps: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (intestinal polyps, mucocutaneous pigmentation)

• Infections of small bowel: tuberculous enteritis, enteritis necroticans

• Intussusception

• Lymphoma of small bowel, sarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma

• Irradiation ileitis

• AV malformation of small intestine

• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

• Polyarteritis nodosa

• Other: pancreaticoenteric fistulas, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), amyloidosis, metastatic melanoma

Bleeding, Lower GI, Pediatric ²

5–18 YEARS

• Infectious colitis

• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

• Pseudomembranous enterocolitis

• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Blindness, Geriatric Age

• Diabetic retinopathy

• Macular degeneration

• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

• Corneal scarring

Blindness, Pediatric Age ²⁴

PHAKOMATOSES

• Tuberous sclerosis

• Neurofibromatosis (special association with optic glioma)

• Sturge-Weber syndrome

• von Hippel–Lindau disease

TUMORS

• Retinoblastoma

• Optic glioma

• Perioptic meningioma

• Craniopharyngioma

• Cerebral glioma

• Posterior and intraventricular tumors when complicated by hydrocephalus

• Pseudotumor cerebri

NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

• Cerebral storage disease

• Gangliosidoses, particularly Tay-Sachs disease (infantile amaurotic familial idiocy), Sandhoff’s variant, generalized gangliosidosis

• Other lipidoses and ceroid lipofuscinoses, particularly the late-onset amaurotic familial idiocies, such as those of Jansky-Bielschowsky disease and of Batten-Mayou disease and Spielmeyer-Vogt disease

• Mucopolysaccharidoses, particularly Hurler’s syndrome and Hunter’s syndrome

• Leukodystrophies (dysmyelination disorders), particularly metachromatic leukodystrophy and Canavan’s disease

• Demyelinating sclerosis (myelinoclastic diseases), especially Schilder’s disease and Devic’s neuromyelitis optica

• Special types: Dawson’s disease, Leigh disease, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, Refsum’s disease

• Retinal degenerations: retinitis pigmentosa and its variants, Leber’s congenital type

• Optic atrophies: congenital autosomal recessive type, infantile and congenital autosomal dominant types, Leber’s disease, and atrophies associated with hereditary ataxias—the types of Behr, of Marie, and of Sanger Brown

INFECTIOUS PROCESSES

• Encephalitis, especially in the prenatal infection syndromes caused by Toxoplasma gondii, cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex

• Meningitis, arachnoiditis

• Chorioretinitis

• Endophthalmitis

HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS

• Leukemia with CNS involvement

VASCULAR AND CIRCULATORY DISORDERS

• Collagen-vascular diseases

• Arteriovenous malformations—intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage

• Central retinal occlusion

TRAUMA

• Contusion or avulsion of optic nerves, chiasm, globe, cornea

• Cerebral contusion or laceration

• Intracerebral, subarachnoid, or subdural hemorrhage

DRUGS/TOXINS

OTHER

• Retinopathy of prematurity

• Sclerocornea

• Conversion reaction

• Optic neuritis

• Osteopetrosis

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

• Anorexia nervosa

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder

• Anxiety disorder

• Social phobia

• Hypochondriasis

• Personality disorder

Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes, Inherited ²¹

Bone Tumor, Primary Malignant

• Osteomyelitis

• Metastatic bone disease

• Benign bone neoplasm

Borderline Personality Disorder

• Histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders share some common features.

• Dysthymia and other depressive disorders: require a stability of affective symptoms not seen in BPD.

• Bipolar disorder: mood changes in BPD are often triggered by stressors and are less sustained than in bipolar disorder.

• Substance abuse or dependence: often induces impulsive, emotionally labile behavior.

• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): individuals with BPD often have history of trauma but do not avoid the feared stimulus or reexperience the trauma, as do individuals with PTSD.

• Mild cases of schizophrenia may superficially resemble BPD.

Botulism

• Myasthenia gravis

• Guillain-Barré syndrome

• Tick paralysis

• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Bowen’s Disease

• Basal cell carcinoma

• Actinic keratosis

• Seborrheic keratosis

• Paget’s disease

Bradycardia, Sinus ¹⁵

• Degenerative processes (e.g., Lev’s disease, Lenègre’s disease): medications, b-blockers, some calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil), digoxin (when vagal tone is high)

• Class I antiarrhythmic agents (e.g., procainamide), class III antiarrhythmic agents (amiodarone, sotalol), clonidine, lithium carbonate

• Acute myocardial ischemia and infarction

• Right or left circumflex coronary artery occlusion or spasm

• High vagal tone (e.g., athletes)

Brain Neoplasm

• Abscess/parasitic cyst

• Demyelinating disease: multiple sclerosis, postinfectious encephalomyelitis

• Metastatic tumors

• Primary central nervous system lymphoma

• Brain abscess

Breast Cancer

• Fibrocystic changes

• Fibroadenoma

• Fat necrosis

• Duct ectasia

• Mammary adenosis

Breathing, Noisy ³⁵

• Infection: upper respiratory infection, peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abscess, epiglottitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis

• Irritants and allergens: hyperactive airway, asthma (reactive airway disease), rhinitis, angioneurotic edema

• Compression from outside of the airway: esophageal cysts or foreign body, neoplasms, lymphadenopathy

• Congenital malformation and abnormality: vascular rings, laryngeal webs, laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, hemangiomas within the upper airway, stenoses within the upper airway, cystic fibrosis

• Acquired abnormality (at every level of the airway): nasal polyps, hypertrophied adenoids or tonsils, foreign body, intraluminal tumors, bronchiectasis

• Neurogenic disorder: vocal cord paralysis

Bronchiectasis

• Chronic bronchitis or chronic sinusitis

• Interstitial fibrosis

• Chronic lung abscess

• Foreign body aspiration

• Cystic fibrosis

• Lung carcinoma

Brown Urine

• Bile pigments

• Concentrated urine

• Use of multivitamin supplements

• Medications (antimalarials, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, levodopa, methyldopa, phenazopyridine)

• Diet rich in fava beans

• Urinary tract infection

Bruxism

• Anxiety disorder

• Dental compression syndrome

• Temporomandibular joint disorders

• Chronic orofacial pain disorders

• Oral motor disorders

• Malocclusion

Bulimia

• Schizophrenia

• GI disorders

• Neurologic disorders (seizures, Kleine-Levin syndrome, Klüver-Bucy syndrome)

• Brain neoplasms

• Psychogenic vomiting

Burning Mouth Syndrome

• Mucosal disease such as lichen planus or candidiasis

• Nutritional deficiency in zinc, iron, or folate or vitamins B₁, B₂, B₆, B₉, B₁₂

• Dry mouth from Sjögren’s syndrome or after chemotherapy or radiation therapy

• Cranial nerve injury

• Medication effect

Burns

• Cellulitis/abscess

• Insect bite (spider bite)

• Bullous erysipelas

• Carbuncle/furuncle

Bursitis

• Degenerative joint disease

• Tendinitis (sometimes occurs in conjunction with bursitis)

• Cellulitis (if bursitis is septic)

• Infectious arthritis

^* Violent, flinging, non-patterned rapid movements.

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