Chapter 22 Anterior endoscopic cervical microdecompression of disc and foramen
The standard treatment for cervical disc protrusions and foraminal stenosis ha s been anterior cervical microdecompression of the disc and foramen with or without bony fusion [1–5]. These open operations are associated with significant local morbidity [6,7], such as graft collapse, graft extrusion, hardware failure, nonfusion with resultant instability, infections, esophageal perforation with infection, and permanent pain, peripheral nerve injury, or infection at the graft donor site. Anterior cervical fusion (ACF) is associated with a 15% or greater chance of junctional disc herniation or adjacent segment disease at interspaces adjacent to fused levels [8,9].
The evolution of spinal surgery is trending toward less invasive techniques [9–16]. Advancements in microinstrumentation, fiberoptics, improved fluoroscopic imaging, and high-resolution digital video imaging endoscopy, along with the accumulation of experience in percutaneous lumbar discectomy [17–20] and spinal laser applications [20–23], have facilitated the development of anterior endoscopic cervical microdecompression (AECM) and foraminal decompression [9,14,19]. AECM, as minimally invasive surgery, does not affect the stability of adjacent vertebral segments [8–10]. Although ACF is often an unattractive treatment for patients with multiple-level disc symptoms, AECM can be safely utilized for treatment of such patients.
Treatment objectives
The primary objective of AECM is to perform decompression of the herniated cervical disc and foraminal disc. It is a minimally invasive outpatient procedure that aims to reduce tissue trauma with much less morbidity than open cervical spinal surgery [9,10,12]. There is no graft donor site to cause secondary problems, and the period of convalescence and the costs of the procedure are significantly less than those of traditional open operations.
Indications
The indications for AECM are as follows [9,12,19]:


Contraindications
Advantages
The advantages of AECM in comparison with open procedures are as follows [8,9,12,19,22]:
Instrumentation
The following instruments and equipment are needed for AECM (Fig. 22-1) [9,12]:





Procedure
Patient Positioning
Figure 22-3 illustrates patient positioning for AECM [9,12]:
Fluoroscopy and Neurophysiologic Monitoring
Figure 22-3 illustrates the monitoring equipment used for AECM [9,12]:

Localization and Point of Entry
Surgical Technique
The surgical technique for AECM is as follows [8,9,12,19,22]:


Figure 22–6 Endoscopic views of AECM with forceps removing disc material (A) and removed disc material (B).
Table 22.1 Laser Settings for Cervical Laser Thermodiscoplasty*
Stage | Watts | Joules |
---|---|---|
First | 8 | 300 |
Second | 5 | 200 |
* Nonablative levels of laser energy are used—at 10 Hz for 5 seconds on and 5 seconds off.
Postoperative managment
Postoperatively, patients are ambulatory within 1 hour and are discharged subsequently. Patients may shower the following day. A soft cervical collar is used for 2 or 3 days or as needed. Ice packs are helpful; mild analgesics and muscle relaxants are required at times. Progressive neck exercise begins on the second postoperative day. Patients are allowed to return to work in 1 to 2 weeks, provided that heavy labor and prolonged sitting are not involved [8,9,12,19,22].
Complications
The complications of AECM, as well as their prevention or treatment, are as follows [12]:
Neural injury is extremely rare with minimally invasive approaches. No spinal cord injuries have been reported. Nerve root and spinal cord injury, though possible, can be avoided with continuous intraoperative EMG neurophysiologic monitoring and direct endoscopic visualization. Neural complications of ACF, including hypoglossal, spinal accessory, phrenic, auricular and cutaneous nerves, can be prevented by careful technique. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, though a recognized complication of ACF, is extremely rare with AECM. One case of postoperative hiccough and one of postoperative hoarseness have occurred transiently out of 1200 cases of AECM [12].
Sympathetic nerve injury is extremely rare but can occur from injury to cervical sympathetic and stellate ganglions. One case of incidental transient Horner syndrome or oculosympathetic dysfunction lasting 1 day following AECM was noted [12].
Dural tears which is one of the complications of ACF have not been reported after AECM.
Conclusion
CASE STUDY 22.1
A 35-year-old professional musician with increasing and intractable neck and upper extremity pain and numbness of the fingers was unable to perform because of his condition. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large left foraminal herniated C5-C6 disc compressing the C6 nerve root (Fig. 22-9). AECM and left C5-C6 foraminal decompressive discectomy and foraminoplasty provided immediate relief of all the patient’s symptoms.
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