Anterior Endoscopic Cervical Microdecompression of Disc and Foramen

Published on 10/03/2015 by admin

Filed under Neurosurgery

Last modified 22/04/2025

Print this page

rate 1 star rate 2 star rate 3 star rate 4 star rate 5 star
Your rating: none, Average: 0 (0 votes)

This article have been viewed 1570 times

Chapter 22 Anterior endoscopic cervical microdecompression of disc and foramen

The standard treatment for cervical disc protrusions and foraminal stenosis ha s been anterior cervical microdecompression of the disc and foramen with or without bony fusion [15]. These open operations are associated with significant local morbidity [6,7], such as graft collapse, graft extrusion, hardware failure, nonfusion with resultant instability, infections, esophageal perforation with infection, and permanent pain, peripheral nerve injury, or infection at the graft donor site. Anterior cervical fusion (ACF) is associated with a 15% or greater chance of junctional disc herniation or adjacent segment disease at interspaces adjacent to fused levels [8,9].

The evolution of spinal surgery is trending toward less invasive techniques [916]. Advancements in microinstrumentation, fiberoptics, improved fluoroscopic imaging, and high-resolution digital video imaging endoscopy, along with the accumulation of experience in percutaneous lumbar discectomy [1720] and spinal laser applications [2023], have facilitated the development of anterior endoscopic cervical microdecompression (AECM) and foraminal decompression [9,14,19]. AECM, as minimally invasive surgery, does not affect the stability of adjacent vertebral segments [810]. Although ACF is often an unattractive treatment for patients with multiple-level disc symptoms, AECM can be safely utilized for treatment of such patients.

Treatment objectives

The primary objective of AECM is to perform decompression of the herniated cervical disc and foraminal disc. It is a minimally invasive outpatient procedure that aims to reduce tissue trauma with much less morbidity than open cervical spinal surgery [9,10,12]. There is no graft donor site to cause secondary problems, and the period of convalescence and the costs of the procedure are significantly less than those of traditional open operations.

Procedure

Surgical Technique

The surgical technique for AECM is as follows [8,9,12,19,22]:

9. Under fluoroscopic and endoscopic visualization, mini-curettes and forceps (Figs. 22-5 and 22-6) are used to loosen and remove disc fragments prior to introduction of the discectome through the cannula to remove the disc.
See Table 22.1 for the parameters used in laser thermodiscoplasty [i.e., collagen and disc shrinking (first stage) and tightening effect (second stage) to further decompress and to harden the disc].
16. Endoscopy is utilized for direct visualization (see Fig. 22-7) and confirmation of discectomy and laser thermodiscoplasty.

Table 22.1 Laser Settings for Cervical Laser Thermodiscoplasty*

Stage Watts Joules
First 8 300
Second 5 200

* Nonablative levels of laser energy are used—at 10 Hz for 5 seconds on and 5 seconds off.

Complications

The complications of AECM, as well as their prevention or treatment, are as follows [12]:

Infection can be avoided by careful sterile technique and intraoperative use of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics. The much smaller incisional area also is associated with a lower risk of infection than with an open procedure. Infection and complications secondary to a donor graft site are obviated. Aseptic discitis can be prevented by aiming the laser beam in a “bowtie” fashion to avoid damaging the end plates (at 6 o’clock and 12 o’clock).

Hematoma (subcutaneous and deep) occurs after ACF and may occur with minimally invasive spinal surgery. It is minimized by (1) avoidance of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the week prior to surgery, (2) careful technique, (3) application of gentle digital pressure or placement of an IV bag over the operative site for the first 5 minutes after surgery, and (4) application of an ice pack thereafter.

Vascular injuries are extremely rare when care is taken to locate and protect the carotid artery, jugular vein, and other vascular structures, including the vertebral artery, which is found laterally in the foramen transversarium, and the inferior and superior thyroid arteries. No carotid artery injury has been reported in the United States. The carotid sheath should be identified and protected under the surgeon’s fingers. If carotid arterial pulsation is hard to palpate, it can be augmented with intravenous ephedrine as previously described. No prolonged retraction of the carotid sheath and artery is required as in anterior cervical fusion, and hence, direct trauma and embolic complications involving carotid vessels are unlikely.

Neural injury is extremely rare with minimally invasive approaches. No spinal cord injuries have been reported. Nerve root and spinal cord injury, though possible, can be avoided with continuous intraoperative EMG neurophysiologic monitoring and direct endoscopic visualization. Neural complications of ACF, including hypoglossal, spinal accessory, phrenic, auricular and cutaneous nerves, can be prevented by careful technique. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, though a recognized complication of ACF, is extremely rare with AECM. One case of postoperative hiccough and one of postoperative hoarseness have occurred transiently out of 1200 cases of AECM [12].

Sympathetic nerve injury is extremely rare but can occur from injury to cervical sympathetic and stellate ganglions. One case of incidental transient Horner syndrome or oculosympathetic dysfunction lasting 1 day following AECM was noted [12].

Excessive sedation can be avoided with use of surface electroencephalography monitoring, as previously described, which provides more precise estimation of the depth of anesthesia, thereby reducing the amounts of anesthetics required and preventing excessive or insufficient sedation.

A major complication of ACF or AECM is operating at the wrong level and with improper instrumentation. Proper utilization of digital C-arm fluoroscopy for anatomical localization avoids complications caused by poor placement of instruments or operating at the wrong disc level.

Dural tears which is one of the complications of ACF have not been reported after AECM.

Although soft tissue injuries may occur because of prolonged forceful retraction as occurs in ACF operations, they are not an issue with AECM. Similarly, failure of fusion, collapse of the bone plug, migration of the bone plug, and hardware failure cannot occur.

Dysphasia and postoperative airway obstruction due to edema may occur but can be avoided through careful surgical procedures and identification of these organs. Esophageal and tracheal injury due to edema or perforation can be avoided with careful palpation and digital retraction at the site of needle insertion. Having the anesthesiologist place a nasogastric tube into the esophagus helps the surgeon identify and retract that structure by palpation.

Inadequate decompression of disc material can be minimized by using multiple modalities and instruments such as forceps, trephining of the posterior ligament, discectome, bur and rasp, and laser application to both vaporize tissue and perform thermodiscoplasty.

Thyroid gland injury can be avoided by approaching the glands posteriorly and not encountering the parenchyma. Presence of a large goiter requires special care because of its vascularity.

A thorough knowledge of the AECM procedure and surgical anatomy of the cervical spine and neural foramen, careful selection of patients, and preoperative surgical planning with appropriate diagnostic evaluations facilitate AECM and prevent potential complications. All potential complications of open anterior disc surgery are possible but are rare or much less common with AECM.

References

1 Ascher P.W. Application of the laser in neurosurgery. Lasers Surg Med. 1986;2:91-97.

2 Bailey R.W., Badgley C.E. Stabilization of the cervical spine by anterior fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1958;40A:607-624.

3 Cloward R.B. The anterior approach for removal of ruptured cervical discs. J Neurosurg. 1958;15:602-617.

4 Robinson R.A., Smith G.W. Anterolateral cervical disc removal and interbody fusion for cervical disc syndrome. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1955;96:223-224.

5 Robertson J.T. Anterior removal of cervical disc without fusion. Clin Neurosurg. 1973;20:259-261.

6 McCulloch J., Young P. Essentials of Spinal Microsurgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998;209-215.

7 Shea M., Takeuchi T.Y., Wittenberg R.H., et al. A comparison of the effects of automated percutaneous diskectomy and conventional diskectomy on intradiscal pressure, disc geometry, and stiffness. J Spinal Disord. 1994;7:317-325.

8 Chiu J., Clifford T., Princenthal R. Junctional disc herniation in post spinal fusion treated with endoscopic spine surgery. Surg Technol Int. 2005;14:305-315.

9 Chiu J., Clifford T., Sison R. Anterior endoscopic cervical microdiscectomy. In: Savitz M., Chiu J., Rauschning W., Yeung A., editors. The Practice of Minimally Invasive Spinal Technique. 2005 ed. New City, NY: AAMISS Press; 2005:409-414.

10 Lee S.H. Comparison of percutaneous endoscopic discectomy to open anterior discectomy for cervical herniations. J Minim Invasive Spinal Techn. 2001;1:17-19.

11 Hijikata S. Percutaneous nucleotomy: A new concept of technique and 12 years experience. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;238:9-23.

12 Chiu J. Anterior endoscopic cervical microdiscectomy. In: Kim D., Fessler R., Regan J., editors. Endoscopic Spine Surgery and Instrumentation. New York: Thieme; 2004:48-58.

13 Onik G., Mooney V., Maroon J.C., et al. Automated percutaneous discectomy: A prospective multi-institutional study. Neurosurgery. 1990;26:228-233.

14 Chiu J. Digital technology assisted minimally invasive spinal surgery (MISS) for spinal motion preservation. In: Lemke H.U., Vannier M.N., Invamura R.D., editors. Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery. London: Elsevier; 2004:461-466.

15 Krause D., Drape J.L., Jambon F., et al. Cervical nucleolysis: Indications, technique, results: 190 patients. J Neuroradiol. 1993;20:42-59.

16 Kambin P. Posterolateral percutaneous lumbar discectomy and decompression: Arthroscopic microdiscectomy. In: Kambin P., editor. Arthroscopic Microdiscectomy: Minimal Intervention in Spinal Surgery. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1991:67-100.

17 Mayer H.M., Brock M. Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy: Surgical technique and preliminary results compared to microsurgical discectomy. J Neurosurg. 1993;78:21-25.

18 Schreiber A., Suezawa Y., Leu H.J. Does percutaneous nucleotomy with discoscopy replace conventional discectomy? Eight years of experience and results in treatment of herniated lumbar disc. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;238:35-42.

19 Chiu J.C., Hansraj K.K., Akiyama C., Greenspan M. Percutaneous (endoscopic) decompressive discectomy for non-extruded cervical herniated nucleus pulposus. Surg Technol Int. 1997;6:405-411.

20 Chiu J. Evolving transforaminal endoscopic microdecompression for herniated lumbar discs and spinal stenosis. Surg Technol Int. 2004;13:276-286.

21 Yonezawa T., Onomura T., Kosaka R., et al. The system and procedures of percutaneous intradiscal laser nucleotomy. Spine. 1990;15:1175-1185.

22 Chiu J., Clifford T., Greenspan M. Percutaneous microdecompressive endoscopic cervical discectomy with laser thermodiskoplasty. Mt Sinai J Med. 2000;67:278-282.

23 Chiu J., Savitz M. Multicenter study of percutaneous endoscopic discectomy. In: Savitz M., Chiu J., Rauschning W., Yeung A., editors. The Practice of Minimally Invasive Spinal Technique. 2005 ed. New City, NY: AAMISS Press; 2005:622-626.