Chapter 26 Antenatal care
Prepregnancy care
Ideally, all couples should seek prepregnancy care. Most couples are not reviewed until after the critical fetal developmental period.
Aims of counselling before conception
• Advise the woman and her partner on general healthcare (e.g. on nutrition/diet/folate, smoking, alcohol and drugs).
• As the oral contraceptive pill may deplete red cell folate, use alternative contraception for 1 month while commencing folic acid.
• Carry out general screening, including rubella and varicella serology, and immunise when required; cervical cytology; blood pressure.
Antenatal care
Investigations
First visit
• ABO blood type, Rhesus blood group and antibodies (the antibody screen should be performed at the beginning of every pregnancy)
• hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology, offered after appropriate counselling
Discussion of antenatal screening
Antenatal screening for Down syndrome and other fetal aneuploidy should be discussed (see Ch 27).
Obstetric ultrasound scan at 18–20 weeks gestation
All women should be offered fetal morphology assessment prior to 20 weeks gestation.
Continuing antenatal visits
• routine antenatal visits every 4 weeks to 28 weeks gestation, then every 2 weeks to 36 weeks gestation, then every week until delivery
Indications for ultrasound scan in antenatal care
• First trimester: vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, hyperemesis gravidarum, before procedures (e.g. amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling or cervical suture). Down syndrome screening and definitive diagnosis of multiple pregnancies is offered early in the second trimester.
• Second trimester: at 18–20 weeks to confirm dates, assess fetal morphology and exclude multiple pregnancies; to assess complications of pregnancy, including antepartum haemorrhage, threatened premature labour and preterm prelabour rupture of membranes.
• Third trimester: fundal height small or large for gestation, previous intrauterine growth restriction, multiple pregnancies, antepartum haemorrhage, malpresentation, maternal medical conditions such as diabetes, renal disease, pre-eclampsia. Late pregnancy tests of fetal wellbeing for assessment of the fetoplacental function may be appropriate.