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Last modified 22/04/2025

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V

Varicocele

• Spermatocele

• Epididymal orchitis

• Testicular tumor

Vasculitis, Classification ²⁷

LARGE-VESSEL DISEASE

Arteritis

• Giant cell arteritis

• Takayasu’s arteritis

• Arteritis associated with Reiter’s syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis

Venous Lake

• Angiokeratoma

• Melanosis of buccal mucosa

Venous Leg Ulcers

• Peripheral arterial disease (with ischemia and necrosis)

• Diabetic ulceration (often secondary to neuropathy)

• Decubitus ulceration (due to pressure over a bone prominence)

• Vasculitis (with erythema and bullae)

• Necrotic ulceration from infection

• Basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma

Ventricular Septal Defect

OTHER CAUSES OF SYSTOLIC MURMURS

• Mitral regurgitation

• Aortic stenosis

• Asymmetric septal hypertrophy

• Pulmonary stenosis

Vertebral Compression Fractures

• Hyperparathyroidism

• Osteomalacia

• Granulomatous diseases (e.g., tuberculosis)

• Hematologic/oncologic diseases (e.g., multiple myeloma, malignant neoplasm)

Vestibular Neuronitis

• Labyrinthitis: similar cause but includes hearing loss

• Labyrinthine infarction

• Perilymph fistula

• Brainstem and cerebellar infarction

• Migraine-associated vertigo

• Multiple sclerosis

Vision Loss, Acute, Painful

• Acute angle-closure glaucoma

• Corneal ulcer

• Endophthalmitis

• Somatization syndrome

Vision Loss, Chronic, Progressive

• Macular degeneration

• Cerebral neoplasm

• Refractive error

• Open-angle glaucoma

Vision Loss, Monocular, Transient

• Thromboembolism

• Migraine (vasospasm)

• Anxiety reaction

• Temporal arteritis

• Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Vomiting

• Drugs: morphine, digitalis, cytotoxic agents, bromocriptine

• Severe pain: myocardial infarction (MI), renal colic

• Metabolic disorders: uremia, acidosis/alkalosis, hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), thyrotoxicosis

• Trauma: blows to the testicles, epigastrium

• Reye’s syndrome

• Increased intracranial pressure

• CNS disturbances: trauma, hemorrhage, infarction, neoplasm, infection, hypertensive encephalopathy, migraine

• Radiation sickness

• Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum

• Motion sickness

• Bulimia, anorexia nervosa

• Psychogenic: emotional disturbances, offensive sights or smells

• Severe coughing

• Pyelonephritis

• Boerhaave’s syndrome

• Carbon monoxide poisoning

Vulvar Cancer

• Lymphogranuloma inguinale

• Vulvar dystrophies

• Vulvar atrophy

• Paget’s disease

Vulvar Lesions ¹²

RED LESION

Infection/Infestation

• Fungal infection: Candida, tinea cruris, intertrigo, pityriasis versicolor

• Sarcoptes scabiei

• Erythrasma: Corynebacterium minutissimum

• Granuloma inguinale: Calymmatobacterium granulomatis

• Folliculitis: Staphylococcus aureus

• Hidradenitis suppurativa

• Behçet’s syndrome

Inflammation

• Reactive vulvitis

• Chemical irritation: detergent, dyes, perfume, spermicide, lubricants, hygiene sprays, podophyllum, topical 5-fluorouracil, saliva, gentian violet, semen

• Mechanical trauma: scratching

• Vestibular adenitis

• Essential vulvodynia

• Seborrheic dermatitis

Neoplasm

• Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ

• Vulvar dystrophy

• Bowen’s disease

• Invasive cancer: squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, sarcoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, Paget’s disease, undifferentiated

WHITE LESION

• Vulvar dystrophy: lichen sclerosus, vulvar dystrophy, vulvar hyperplasia, mixed dystrophy

• Partial albinism

• Radiation treatment

DARK LESION

• Nevi (mole)

• Neoplasm (vulvar)

• Reactive hyperpigmentation

• Seborrheic keratosis

ULCERATIVE LESION

Infection

• Herpes simplex

• Treponema pallidum

• Granuloma inguinale

• Tuberculosis

Noninfectious

• Behçet’s syndrome

• Crohn’s disease

• Hidradenitis suppurativa

Neoplasm

• Basal cell carcinoma

• Squamous cell carcinoma

• Vulvar tumor <1 cm: condyloma acuminatum, molluscum contagiosum, epidermal inclusion, vestibular cyst, mesonephric duct, VIN, hemangioma, hidradenoma, neurofibroma, syringoma, accessory breast tissue, acrochordon, endometriosis, Fox-Fordyce disease, pilonidal sinus

• Vulvar tumor >1 cm: Bartholin’s cyst or abscess, lymphogranuloma venereum, fibroma, lipoma, verrucous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, hernia, edema, hematoma, acrochordon, epidermal cysts, neurofibromatosis, accessory breast tissue

Vulvovaginitis, Bacterial

• Fungal vaginitis

• Trichomonas vaginitis

• Atrophic vaginitis

Vulvovaginitis, Estrogen Deficient

• Infectious vulvovaginitis

• Squamous cell hyperplasia

• Lichen sclerosus

• Vulvar malignant neoplasm

• Vaginal malignant neoplasm

• Cervical and endometrial malignant neoplasm

Vulvovaginitis, Fungal

• Bacterial vaginosis

• Trichomonas vaginitis

• Atrophic vaginitis

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V

Varicocele

• Spermatocele

• Epididymal orchitis

• Testicular tumor

Vasculitis, Classification ²⁷

LARGE-VESSEL DISEASE

Arteritis

• Giant cell arteritis

• Takayasu’s arteritis

• Arteritis associated with Reiter’s syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis

Venous Lake

• Angiokeratoma

• Melanosis of buccal mucosa

Venous Leg Ulcers

• Peripheral arterial disease (with ischemia and necrosis)

• Diabetic ulceration (often secondary to neuropathy)

• Decubitus ulceration (due to pressure over a bone prominence)

• Vasculitis (with erythema and bullae)

• Necrotic ulceration from infection

• Basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma

Ventricular Failure

LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE

• Systemic hypertension

• Valvular heart disease (aortic stenosis [AS], atrial regurgitation [AR], mitral regurgitation [MR])

• Cardiomyopathy, myocarditis

• Bacterial endocarditis

• Myocardial infarction

• Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis

RIGHT VENTRICULAR FAILURE

• Valvular heart disease (mitral stenosis)

• Pulmonary hypertension

• Bacterial endocarditis (right sided)

• Right ventricular infarction

BIVENTRICULAR FAILURE

• Left ventricular failure

• Cardiomyopathy

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